With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

* c. 2500 BC: Paintings of Senet and Han being played depicted in the tomb of Rashepes

The earliest known maritime trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley ( c. 2500 BC ) was conducted along the Indian Ocean.

** Early Dynastic IIIb period: c. 2500 – 2334 BC

Mehrgarh ( Brahui: Mehrgaŕh, ), one of the most important Neolithic ( 7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE ) sites in archaeology, lies on the " Kachi plain " of now Balochistan, Pakistan.

Mundigak ( c. 2500 BC ) in present-day southeast Afghanistan has defensive walls and square bastions of sun-dried bricks.

The comb ceramic pottery found on the site dates to about 3000 BC and corded ware pottery c. 2500 BC.

* c. 2500 BC — Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean templex complex subsequently used as a necropolis.

* c. 2500 BC – 2200 BC — Incised panel " Frying pan ", from Syros, Cyclades is made.

* c. 2500 BC – 2200 BC — Two figures of women, from the Cyclades, are made.

* c 2500 BC Austronesian peoples from Formosa have colonised Luzon in northern Philippines

* c. 3000 BC — 2500 BC — Tomb, Newgrange, Ireland, was built.

The importance of the maintenance of this memory can be seen in that it came to be associated with the legendary British hero Arthur, although the date of its inundation is actually c. 2500 BC.

Relief of early war wagons on the Standard of Ur, c. 2500 BC

The earliest depiction of vehicles in the context of warfare is on the Standard of Ur in southern Mesopotamia, c. 2500 BC.

* c. 2500 BCE: Rice was first introduced to Malaysia

* c. 2500 BCE: Scribal schools flourish throughout Sumer.

* c. 2500 BCE: Cylinder seal from Sumer and its impression are made.

* c. 2500 BCE: Excavation and development of the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni at Paola, Malta, a subterranean templex complex subsequently used as a necropolis.

* c. 2500 BCE: Valley Temple of Khafra, Giza, is built.

* c. 2500 BCE: Khafra from Giza Valley, Temple of Khafra is made.

* c. 2500 BCE: People in Peru rely on fish and mussels for food.

* c. 2500 BCE – 2000 BCE: Mohenjo-Daro is about in size and has a population of c. 20, 000 to 50, 000.

Subsequently, during neolithic pre-history in North Africa ( c. 6000 to 2500 ) and continuing to modern times, " damp pluvial " phases appear to alternate with " dry inter-pluvial " phases.

Khafre's Pyramid ( Fourth dynasty of Egypt | 4th dynasty ) and Great Sphinx of Giza ( c. 2500 BC or perhaps earlier )

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )