With the loss of the study of ancient Greek in the early medieval Latin West, Aristotle was practically unknown there from c. AD 600 to c. 1100 except through the Latin translation of the Organon made by Boethius.

The Astronomer ( Vermeer ) | The Astronomer by Johannes Vermeer ( c. 1668 )

Brygos ( potter signed ), Tondo of an Attic red-figure cup c. 470 BC, Louvre.

* Homer, Iliad ii. 595 – 600 ( c. 700 BCE )

Symbols on Gerzean pottery resembling Egyptian hieroglyphs date back to c. 4000 BC, suggesting a still earlier possible date.

According to Igor M. Diakonoff ( 1988: 33n ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 10, 000 BC.

According to Christopher Ehret ( 2002: 35 – 36 ), Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken c. 11, 000 BC at the latest and possibly as early as c. 16, 000 BC.

The word can be traced from the Middle Egyptian ( c. 2000 BC ) word dj-b-t " mud sun-dried brick.

" As Middle Egyptian evolved into Late Egyptian, Demotic, and finally Coptic ( c. 600 BC ), dj-b-t became tobe " brick.

* c. 3000 BC: Ancient backgammon set, found in the Burnt City in Iran.

During Egypt's first dynasty ( c. 3000 BC ), sailors were sent out onto its waters, journeying to Punt, thought to be part of present-day Somalia.

A figurine from Mehrgarh, c. 3000 BCE.

The earliest representations of siege warfare have been dated to the Protodynastic Period of Egypt, c. 3000 BC.

In the East, one of the earliest recorded pharmacopoeias was written by Shen Nung, Emperor of China ( c. 3000 BC ).

The comb ceramic pottery found on the site dates to about 3000 BC and corded ware pottery c. 2500 BC.

* c. 3000 BC First evidence of gold being used ( in the Middle East ) was from this time period.

* c. 3000 BC Nubian A-Group, Ta-Seeti " kingdom " came to an end, possibly due to raids by Egypt

* c. 3000 BC – 2000 BC — Vessels from Denmark are made.

* c. 3000 BC Nubian A-Group Culture comes to an end

* c. 3000 BC — Cycladic culture started in Ancient Greece.

* c. 3000 BC — Minoan culture appeared on Crete.

* c. 3000 BC — Helladic period started in mainland Ancient Greece.

* c. 3000 BC — Potter's wheel appears in Mesopotamia.

* c. 3000 BC — 2500 BC — Tomb, Newgrange, Ireland, was built.

* c. 3000 BC — First pottery in Colombia at Puerto Hormiga ( Magdalena ), considered one of the first attempts of pottery of the New World.

* c. 4000 – 3000 BC — Austronesian peoples reach Formosa ( Taiwan ) having crossed 150 km from China using advanced maritime technology.

The rammed earth construction of these walls was an inherited tradition, since much older fortifications of this type have been found at Chinese Neolithic sites of the Longshan culture ( c. 3000 – 2000 BC ).

The two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt were united c. 3000 BC, but each maintained its own regalia.

* c. 3000 BC – Breeding of domesticated sheep with a wooly fleece rather than hair in the Near East.

* c. 3000 BCE candles are invented.

The most famous is perhaps that of Ötzi the Iceman, the mummy of a mountain hunter found in the Similaun glacier in South Tyrol, dating to c. 3000 BC ( Copper Age ).

Image: CMOC Treasures of Ancient China exhibit-black pottery goblet. jpg | Black eggshell pottery of the Longshan culture ( c. 3000 – 2000 BC )

In phase E, corresponding to Uruk III period c 3000 BC, the White Temple was built.

This would make it a language family about as old as Indo-European ( 4000 to 7, 000 BC according to several hypotheses cited in Mallory 1997: 106 ) but considerably younger than Afroasiatic ( c. 10, 000 BC according to Diakonoff 1988: 33n, 11, 000 to 16, 000 BC according to Ehret 2002: 35 – 36 ).

Before that time, at the peak of the last ice age ( c. 16, 000 BC ) sea levels everywhere were 130 metres lower, and there were large well-watered coastal plains instead of much of the northern Aegean.

The present coastal arrangement appeared c. 7000 BC, with post-ice age sea levels continuing to rise for another 3, 000 years after that.

The Dying Gaul c. 230 BC, a Roman copy of a Greek statue commemorating the victory over the Celtic Galatia ns in Anatolia.

Map of ancient Egypt, showing major cities and sites of the Dynastic period ( c. 3150 BC to 30 BC )

** Xun Zi ( c. 312 BC – 230 BC )

** Gongsun Long ( c. 325 BC – c. 250 BC )

** Sunzi ( c. 500 BC )

: Anaximenes of Miletus ( c. 585-c. 525 BC )