Antigenic molecules, normally being " large " biological polymers, usually present several surface features that can act as points of interaction for specific antibodies.

Examples of relevant biological information processes studied in the early days of bioinformatics are the formation of complex social interaction structures by simple behavioral rules, and the information accumulation and maintenance in models of prebiotic evolution.

These methods can be applied to proteins and other large biological molecules, and allow studies of the approach and interaction ( docking ) of potential drug molecules ( e. g. and ).

In mental health, the term mental disorder is used as a way of acknowledging the complex interaction of biological, social, and psychological factors in psychiatric conditions.

Fundamental mechanisms of the interaction between biological material and electromagnetic fields at non-thermal levels are not fully understood.

According to the American Psychological Association ( APA ), there are numerous theories about the origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some believe that " sexual orientation is most likely the result of a complex interaction of environmental, cognitive and biological factors ," and that genetic factors play a " significant role " in determining a person's sexuality.

Emergentist theories, such as MacWhinney's competition model, posit that language acquisition is a cognitive process that emerges from the interaction of biological pressures and the environment.

For example, an organism's genetic code sets boundary conditions on the interaction of biological systems in space and time.

Symbiosis ( from Ancient Greek σύν " together " and βίωσις " living ") is close and often long-term interaction between two or more different biological species.

Political ecology studies the complex interaction between economics, politics, technology, social tradition and the biological environment.

Maltreatment in childhood and in adulthood, including sexual abuse, physical abuse, emotional abuse, domestic violence and bullying, has been linked to the development of mental disorders, through a complex interaction of societal, family, psychological and biological factors.

* Environmental science – integrated study of factors that influence the environment and environmental systems, especially the interaction of the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment

In ecology, predation describes a biological interaction where a predator ( an organism that is hunting ) feeds on its prey ( the organism that is attacked ).

* Mutualism ( biology ), a concept of biological interaction.

Environmental issues almost always include an interaction of physical, chemical, and biological processes.

A program that focuses on the application of biological, chemical, and physical principles to the study of the physical environment and the solution of environmental problems, including subjects such as abating or controlling environmental pollution and degradation ; the interaction between human society and the natural environment ; and natural resources management.

Social reality is distinct from biological reality or individual cognitive reality, representing as it does a phenomenological level created through social interaction and transcending thereby individual motives and actions.

This technique is used for mild separation and recovery of proteins and protection of their biological activity in protein analysis ( hydrophobic interaction chromatography, HIC ).

In contrast, most psychologists and social scientists believe that behavior is a very complex interaction of both biological and cultural influences.

This protein layer mediates the interaction between biomaterials and cells, translating biomaterial physical and chemical properties into a " biological language ".

* the interaction of social, environmental and biological factors which influence health and illness both in the individual and the community as a whole

Since their original discovery and the elucidation of their structure, these interaction modules have proven ubiquitous in the biological world.

In The Future of Art in a Postdigital Age Mel Alexenberg defines " postdigital art " as artworks that address the humanization of digital technologies through interplay between digital, biological, cultural, and spiritual systems, between cyberspace and real space, between embodied media and mixed reality in social and physical communication, between high tech and high touch experiences, between visual, haptic, auditory, and kinesthetic media experiences, between virtual and augmented reality, between roots and globalization, between autoethnography and community narrative, and between web-enabled peer-produced wikiart and artworks created with alternative media through participation, interaction, and collaboration in which the role of the artist is redefined.

Biological databases are an important tool in assisting scientists to understand and explain a host of biological phenomena from the structure of biomolecules and their interaction, to the whole metabolism of organisms and to understanding the evolution of species.

These dynamic relationships, between what can be observed on the ground, as opposed to what can be observed by compiling many local observations remain fundamental in any kind of anthropology, whether cultural, biological, linguistic or archaeological.

In Lebanon more than 450 outcrops of Lower Cretaceous amber were discovered between the 1960s and 1990s, among which about 20 outcrops have yielded biological inclusions comprising the oldest representatives of several recent families of terrestrial arthropods.

In general, the difference between a statistics program and a biostatistics program is twofold: ( i ) statistics departments will often host theoretical / methodological research which are less common in biostatistics programs and ( ii ) statistics departments have lines of research that may include biomedical applications but also other areas such as industry ( quality control ), business and economics and biological areas other than medicine.

Further, chemical biology employs biological systems to create non-natural hybrids between biomolecules and synthetic devices ( for example emptied viral capsids that can deliver gene therapy or drug molecules ).

There is an overlap between biological warfare and chemical warfare, as the use of toxins produced by living organisms is considered under the provisions of both the Biological Weapons Convention and the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Deeper waters separating Borneo from neighboring Sulawesi prevented a land connection to that island, creating the divide between Asian and Australia-New Guinea biological regions known as Wallace's Line.

This field seeks to close the gap between engineering and medicine: It combines the design and problem solving skills of engineering with medical and biological sciences to improve healthcare diagnosis, monitoring and therapy.

Sociological and biological knowledge was incorporated, in a model that did not emphasize a clear boundary between normality and abnormality.

While there are alleged non-physical differences between men and women, major reviews of the academic literature on gender difference find only a tiny minority of characteristics where there are consistent psychological differences between men and women, and these relate directly to experiences grounded in biological difference.

In the late 18th century the Italian physician and anatomist Luigi Galvani marked the birth of electrochemistry by establishing a bridge between chemical reactions and electricity on his essay " De Viribus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari Commentarius " ( Latin for Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion ) in 1791 where he proposed a " nerveo-electrical substance " on biological life forms.

* Staining – uses heavy metals such as lead, uranium or tungsten to scatter imaging electrons and thus give contrast between different structures, since many ( especially biological ) materials are nearly " transparent " to electrons ( weak phase objects ).

Comparing different embryonic stages of different animals is a tool that can be used to infer relationships between species, and thus biological evolution.

The differences in geometry between the various types of unsaturated fatty acids, as well as between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, play an important role in biological processes, and in the construction of biological structures ( such as cell membranes ).

Another major theme is the tension between free will and biological determinism, or reason and sexual desire.

Viruses can also carry DNA between organisms, allowing transfer of genes even across biological domains.

* At present-day there is developing an interdisciplinary approach which aims at considering macroevolution at a transdisciplinary scale, and concentrates on the comparison between biological and social macroevolution as this gives new significant possibilities to understand peculiarities of each of the two types of macroevolution.

Hence, there is not always a sharp distinction between neurology and psychiatry on a biological basis.

Recent understanding of human ecosystems and of human impact on the biosphere have led to a link between the notion of sustainability with the " co-evolution " 1994 and harmonization of cultural and biological evolution.

To gain this understanding, neuroscientists strive to make a link between observed biological processes ( data ), biologically plausible mechanisms for neural processing and learning ( biological neural network models ) and theory ( statistical learning theory and information theory ).