Though the Germans were not planning an attack on Poland in March 1939, Ribbentrop's bullying behaviour towards the Poles destroyed whatever faint chance there was of Poland allowing Danzig to return to Germany.

It was Ribbentrop's fear that if German-Polish talks did take place, there was the danger that the Poles might back down and agree to the German demands as the Czechoslovaks had done in 1938 under Anglo-French pressure, and thereby deprive the Germans of their excuse for aggression.

The decrypts showed that there was much tension in Anglo-Polish relations with the British pressuring the Poles to allow Danzig to rejoin the Reich and the Poles staunchly resisting all efforts to pressure them into concessions to Germany.

In religious respect there were 58 % Protestants, 37 % Catholics ( including at least 2 % of Poles ) and 5 % Jews ( counting 20, 536 in the 1905 census ).

For this reason he expelled the Poles and Jews who formed there the majority of the population.

In Poland his position is controversial, it being believed that he had saved that country from the Bolsheviks on the one hand but vilified there during 1919 – 20 for his supposed opinion that Poles were " children who gave trouble ".

Thus there is argument that actions like the Gleiwitz incident and events in Bydgoszcz were all part of a larger Nazi plan to discredit the Poles.

In Grudziądz, German soldiers were stationed in the local fortress as part of the Germanization measures, and the authorities placed soldiers with the most chauvinistic attitude towards the Poles there.

Irving claimed that there were no gas chambers at the death camp, stating that the existing remains were " mock-ups built by the Poles ".

By the time that the 1887 city directory was published, there were three Roman Catholic congregations in Plymouth: " St. Vincent's Catholic Church ", for " English-speaking " ( mostly Irish ) Catholics, " St. Stephen's Hungarian Catholic Church ", ( for Slovakians ), and " St. Mary's Polish Catholic Church " ( for Poles and Lithuanians ).

The Russian population in Kazakhstan was 454, 402, or 10. 95 % of total population ; there were 79, 573 Ukrainians ( 1. 91 %); 55, 984 Tatars ( 1. 34 %); 55, 815 Uyghurs ( 1. 34 %); 29, 564 Uzbeks ( 0. 7 %); 11, 911 Mordovans ( 0. 28 %); 4, 888 Dungan ( 0. 11 %); 2, 883 Turkmen ; 2, 613 Germans ; 2, 528 Bashkir ; 1, 651 Jews ; and 1, 254 Poles.

According to an estimate by the Banbury Polish Association, there are between 5, 000 and 6, 000 Poles in the town.

These girls, along with Hitler Youth, were first to oversee the eviction of Poles to make room for new settlers and ensure they did not take much from their homes, as furniture and the like were to be left there for the settlers.

A 1944 article in The Times estimated that in 1931 there lived between 2. 2 and 2. 5 million Poles east of the Curzon Line.

Despite the emigrations and expulsions, there were about 500, 000 Poles in Belarus in 2000 ( 5 % of the Belarus population ).

(...) The Fuhrer must emphazize once again that for Poles there is only one master and he is a German, there can be no two masters beside each other and there is no consent to such, hence all representatives of the Polish inteligentsia are to be killed.

The Germans are depicted with little difference between them, but there is great variety and little stereotyping of the Poles and Jews who dominate the story.

However, there are no known joint Polish-German actions, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attempt to turn the Poles toward fighting exclusively against Soviet partisans. Tadeusz Piotrowski quotes Joseph Rothschild saying " The Polish Home Army was by and large untainted by collaboration " and adds that " the honor of AK as a whole is beyond reproach ".

Given Soviet losses, there was rough numerical parity between the two armies ; and by the time of the battle of Warsaw Poles might have even had a slight advantage in numbers and logistics.

According to the 1926 Soviet census, there were a total of 782, 334 Poles in the USSR.

Lithuanian authorities, however, argued that the majority of inhabitants living there, even if they did not speak Lithuanian and considered themselves Poles, were Polonized ( or Russified ) Lithuanians.

Himmler's belief that " it is in the nature of German blood to resist " led to his conclusion that Balts or Poles who resisted Germanization were racially superior to more compliant ones.

For harbors near the North and South Poles, being ice-free is an important advantage, especially when it is year-round.

Note that the longitude is singular at the Poles and calculations that are sufficiently accurate for other positions, may be inaccurate at or near the Poles.

The combined population of Poland and GDL in 1493 is estimated as 7. 5 million, of whom 3. 25 million were Poles, 3. 75 million Ruthenians and 0. 5 million Lithuanians.

From 1893 to 1899 Weber was a member of the Alldeutscher Verband ( Pan-German League ), an organisation that campaigned against the influx of the Polish workers ; the degree of Weber's support for the Germanisation of Poles and similar nationalist policies is still debated by modern scholars.

Stefan Czarniecki was a 17th-century hetman ( military commander ), famous for his role in driving the Swedish army out of Poland after an occupation that had left the country in ruins and is remembered by Poles as the Deluge.

It is likely that she gave way to hysterical grief, as we know she did in 1627, and it is probably for this reason that the king let his queen join him in Livonia after the Poles had been defeated in January 1626.

The exact interpretation of this passage is uncertain, because the Ruthenian word " Lachy " meant both the Poles in general and the southeastern Lendians tribe.

Elsewhere, ethnic Poles constitute large minorities in Lithuania, Belarus, and Ukraine: Polish is the most widely used minority language in Lithuania's Vilnius County ( 26 % of the population, according to the 2001 census results ) and is found elsewhere in southeastern Lithuania ; in Ukraine it is most common in the Lviv and Lutsk regions, while in Western Belarus it is used by the significant Polish minority especially in the Brest and Grodno regions and in areas along the Lithuanian border.

# Poles living in Lithuania ( particularly in the Vilnius region ), in Belarus ( particularly the northwest ), and in the northeast of Poland continue to speak the Eastern Borderlands dialect which sounds " slushed " ( in Polish described as zaciąganie z ruska, ' speaking with a Russian drawl '), and is easily distinguishable.

However to many Poles today, Silesia ( Śląsk ) is understood to cover all of the area around Katowice, including Zagłębie.

Supporters of Nordicism and Germanism consider Nordic people ( Scandinavians, Germans, English, Balts and Dutch ) to be superior, shunning those of Southern and Eastern Europe ( who may have darker features and different cultures ), including mostly Jews, Poles, Celts ( Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Basque ), Gypsies, Spanish, Portuguese, Italians, white Latin Americans, Lusophone, white Africans, and Russians, along with anyone whose ethnic heritage is not European.

* January 16 – A resolution is passed in the German Parliament, to condemn the Prussian deportations, the politically motivated mass expulsion of ethnic Poles and Jews from Prussia, initiated by Otto von Bismarck.

No kind of information is excluded, but the fullest details refer to the bishopric of Merseburg, and to the wars against the Wends and the Poles.

:"... 27 January 2005, the sixtieth anniversary of the liberation of Nazi Germany's death camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, where a combined total of up to 1. 5 million Jews, Roma, Poles, Russians and prisoners of various other nationalities, and homosexuals, were murdered, is not only a major occasion for European citizens to remember and condemn the enormous horror and tragedy of the Holocaust, but also for addressing the disturbing rise in anti-Semitism, and especially anti-Semitic incidents, in Europe, and for learning anew the wider lessons about the dangers of victimising people on the basis of race, ethnic origin, religion, social classification, politics or sexual orientation ...."

Poles and Lithuanians also brought a group of Samogitian representatives to testify of atrocities committed by the Knights.

Some of them refused to fight against blacks, supporting the principles of liberty ; also, a few Poles ( around 100 ) actually joined the rebels ( Władysław Franciszek Jabłonowski was one of the Polish generals ).

Poles also arrived as the city became popular seaside resort and spa town among tourists from all over Germany with an amount of about 5-8 percent of Poles.

The language may have also spoken much further east and south in what became Polesia and part of Podlasia with the conquests by Rus and Poles starting in the 10th century and by the German colonisation of the area which began in the 12th century.

To the surprise of many of the ethnic Germans in Opole however, the local Polish Silesian population and groups of ethnic Poles also rose to oppose the planned reforms ; this came about as a result of an overwhelming feel of attachment to the voivodeships that were planned to be ‘ redrawn ’ as well as a fear of ‘ alienation ’ should one find themselves residing in a new, unfamiliar region.

Although Nazi Germany also used forced laborers from Western Europe, Poles, along with other Eastern Europeans viewed as racially inferior, were subject to deeper discriminatory measures.

Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazis ' systematic murder of millions of people in other groups, including ethnic Poles, the Romani, Soviet civilians, Soviet prisoners of war, people with disabilities, gay men, and political and religious opponents.

Stephen the Great ruled between 1457 and 1504, a period of nearly 50 years during which he won 32 battles defending his country against virtually all his neighbours ( mainly the Ottomans and the Tatars, but also the Hungarians and the Poles ), while losing only two.

Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people, predominantly Ukrainians but also Russians, Belarusians and Poles, were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate.

Repnin also demanded religious freedom for the Protestant and Orthodox Christians, and the resulting reaction among some of Poland's Roman Catholics, as well as the deep resentment of Russian intervention in the Commonwealth's domestic affairs, led to the War of the Confederation of Bar from 1768 – 1772, where the Poles tried to expel Russian forces from Commonwealth territory.

Individual Poles, both clerical and secular, also offered various forms of aid to the Jewish people. For example, the children's section of Żegota led by Irena Sendler saved 2, 500 Jewish children with cooperation of Polish families and the Warsaw orphanage of the Sisters of the Family of Mary, Roman Catholic convents such as the Little Sister Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary Conceived Immaculate.

Since the 15th century the city acted as a major Polish and later also as a Jewish cultural center ; with Poles and Jews comprising a demographic majority of the city until the outbreak of World War II, the Holocaust, and the population transfers of Poles that followed.

Some legends of the Poles, the Picts, the Gaels, the Hungarians ( in particular, the Jassics ), the Serbs and the Croats, among others, also include mention of Scythian origins.

There are also Sacrifice Poles, upon which hang the bodies and heads of larger animals, such as seagulls, that Frank has killed and other sacred items.

While it is considered certain that Harald took part in Yaroslav's campaign against the Poles in 1031, it is possible that he also fought against other 1030s Kievan enemies and rivals such as the Chudes in Estonia, the Byzantines, as well as the Pechenegs and other steppe nomad people.

Volksdeutsche of Polish ethnic origins were treated by the Poles with special contempt, but were also committing high treason according to Polish law.

Poles similar to totem poles are also found elsewhere in the world.

It should be noted that in the course of their 700 year history, Baltic German families often had not only ethnic German roots, but also mixed with peoples of non-German origin, such as native Estonians, Livonians and Latvians, as well as with Danes, Swedes, English, Scots, Poles, Dutch, Hungarians.

While ruling out the notion of collective responsibility, he also sought forgiveness " In the name of those who believe that one cannot be proud of the glory of Polish history without feeling, at the same time, pain and shame for the evil done by Poles to others.

" Michael Schudrich, the Chief Rabbi of Poland, said the use of the Nazi swastika by vandals was anti-Polish as well as anti-Semitic, and that " Non-Jewish Poles also suffered horribly under the Nazis ... the vast majority of Poles are appalled by what ’ s just happened.