Thomas Cavalier-Smith has published extensively on the evolution and classification of life, particularly protists.

However, attention is still given to these groups by botanists, and fungi ( including lichens ), and photosynthetic protists are usually covered in introductory botany courses.

In some algae ( such as the heterokonts and other protists such as Euglenozoa and Cercozoa ), chloroplasts seem to have evolved through a secondary event of endosymbiosis, in which a eukaryotic cell engulfed a second eukaryotic cell containing chloroplasts, forming chloroplasts with three or four membrane layers.

His grandfather, an amateur naturalist by the name of Walter Drawbridge Crick ( 1857 – 1903 ), wrote a survey of local foraminifera ( single-celled protists with shells ), corresponded with Charles Darwin, and had two gastropods ( snails or slugs ) named after him.

Most microorganisms are unicellular ( single-celled ), but this is not universal, since some multicellular organisms are microscopic, while some unicellular protists and bacteria, like Thiomargarita namibiensis, are macroscopic and visible to the naked eye.

Animals are eukaryotic and usually multicellular ( although see Myxozoa ), which separates them from bacteria, archaea and most protists.

Herbivory usually refers to animals eating plants ; fungi, bacteria and protists that feed on living plants are usually termed plant pathogens ( plant diseases ), and microbes that feed on dead plants are saprotrophs.

The Ascomycota also represents several carnivorous fungi, which have developed hyphal traps to capture small protists such as amoebae, as well as roundworms ( Nematoda ), rotifers, tardigrades, and small arthropods such as springtails ( Collembola ).

The Labyrinthulomycetes ( ICBN ) or Labyrinthulea ( ICZN ), or Slime nets are a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them.

In terrestrial environments, plants are the predominant variety, while aquatic environments include a range of phototrophic organisms such as algae ( e. g., kelp ), other protists ( such as euglena ), phytoplankton, and bacteria ( such as cyanobacteria ).

Circularly permuted ssrA has been reported in three major lineages: i ) all alphaproteobacteria and the primitive mitochondria of jakobid protists, ii ) two disjoint groups of cyanobacteria ( Gloeobacter and a clade containing Prochlorococcus and many Synechococcus ), and iii ) some members of the betaproteobacteria ( Cupriavidus and some Rhodocyclales ).

Male organisms are converted into females by cytoplasmic inherited protists ( Microsporidia ) or bacteria ( Wolbachia ), regardless of nuclear sex-determining factors.

Marine snow includes dead or dying plankton ), protists ( diatoms ), fecal matter, sand, soot and other inorganic dust.

Since Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography shapins the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology.

* Carolus Linnaeus publishes the first volume ( Animalia ) of the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae, the starting point of modern zoological nomenclature.

When possible, modern zoological institutions attempt to maintain a viable population for species preservation and possible future reintroduction to the wild through use of carefully planned breeding programs.

During the European Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms.

Magnus ' De animalibus libri XXVI is not the only volume of his commentaries on natural history, but it was one of the most extensive studies of zoological observation published before modern times.

These were often given their own scientific names when originally described, but modern zoological nomenclature does not recognize the names given to these forms as valid ( only ranks of subspecies and above have formal scientific names in zoology ).

Hence, Scopus as established by Brisson is indeed the valid generic name of the hammerkop, and the first valid use of Scops was in 1772 by Brünnich-which according to modern rules of zoological nomenclature was unjustified however, as the name he believed to be reinstating had never been technically valid in the first place.

A menagerie is a form of keeping common and exotic animals in captivity that preceded the modern zoological garden.

In the nineteenth century the aristocratic menageries were displaced by the modern zoological gardens with their scientific and educational approach.

Today, the only remaining menagerie is that of Tiergarten Schönbrunn, but in the twentieth century the Tiergarten (" animal garden "), known officially by the French loan-word Menagerie until 1924, evolved into a modern zoological garden with a scientific, educational and conservationist orientation.

Edward Wotton ( 1492 – 5 October 1555 ) was an English physician, born in Oxford, credited with starting the modern study of zoology, by separating out much of the fanciful and folkloric additions that had been added over time to the body of zoological knowledge.

In contrast to " rhizopods ", where most of their morphologies can be mapped to modern classification systems, " actinopods " appear to be extensively polyphyletic.

Asparagales is the name of an order of plants, used in modern classification systems such as the APG III system ( which is used throughout this article ).

In modern usage, the term is sometimes used improperly as a catch-all classification of " other world religions " alongside major organized religions.

The localizationist model is the original model, but modern anatomical techniques and analyses have shown that precise connections between brain regions and symptom classification don't exist.

The five-kingdom system has largely been superseded by modern alternative classification systems.

A modern classification for libraries, with simple notation, mnemonics, and alternatives.

The following is a classification scheme showing the development of the modern Khmer dialects.

However, the first modern studies of magnetism only started with the development of electrodynamics by Faraday, Maxwell and others in the nineteenth century, which included the classification of materials as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic based on their response to magnetization.

A more recent classification based on mutual intelligibility separates modern spoken Danish, Norwegian and Swedish into a Mainland Scandinavian group while Icelandic and Faroese are placed in a separate category labelled Insular Scandinavian.

In the 1929 edition of Encyclopedia Britannica he published what was then the most authoritative classification of Native American languages, and the first based on evidence from modern comparative linguistics.

He called for research into the physical causes of mental illness, and started to establish the foundations of the modern classification system for mental disorders.

It is on this basis that the modern " alphabet " classification schemes are based.

This persisted until the Navy's modern hull classification system's introduction in 1920, which included Coast Guard ships and craft.

The SP and ID numbers were used parenthetically after each boat's or ship's name to identify it ; although this system pre-dated the modern hull classification system and its numbers were not referred to at the time as " hull codes " or " hull numbers ," it was used in a similar manner to today's system and can be considered its precursor.

The U. S. Navy instituted its modern hull classification system on 17 July 1920, doing away with section patrol numbers, " identification numbers ", and the other numbering systems described above.

His classification of plants in his Historia Plantarum, was an important step towards modern taxonomy.

Weber continued his investigation into this matter in later works, notably in his studies on bureaucracy and on the classification of legitimate authority into three types – Rational-legal, traditional and charismatic – of which the legitimate ( or rational ) is the dominant one in the modern world.

A major advance came with the work of Koelle, who in his 1854 Polyglotta Africana attempted a careful classification, the groupings of which in quite a number of cases correspond to modern groupings.

Some modern scholars follow this classification by including all Middle Indo-Aryan languages under the rubric of " Prakrits ", while others emphasise the independent development of these languages, often separated from the history of Sanskrit by wide divisions of caste, religion, and geography.

In modern legal systems derived from English common law, classification of property as real or personal may vary somewhat according to jurisdiction or, even within jurisdictions, according to purpose, as in defining whether and how the property may be taxed.

However, ecological and foraging specializations and distinct geographical distribution in relation to modern procyonids support classification in the separate family Ailuridae .< ref name =" Flynn_2005 ">

However, the modern version of the stellar classification scheme was developed by Annie J. Cannon during the 1900s.

An example of a modern classification is the one published in 2009 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group for all living flowering plant families ( the APG III system ).

After the Communist victory, the Chinese Communist Party under Mao Zedong continued the Soviet classification, using the term Uyghur to describe the modern ethnic group.