For example, the spectrum of an element of a complex Banach algebra can never be empty, whereas in a real Banach algebra it could be empty for some elements.

In the SEM, CL detectors either collect all light emitted by the specimen or can analyse the wavelengths emitted by the specimen and display an emission spectrum or an image of the distribution of cathodoluminescence emitted by the specimen in real colour.

The real cepstrum uses only the information of the magnitude of the spectrum.

More sophisticated techniques ( known as ' multifractal ' techniques ) use different fractal dimensions for different scales, and thus can better model the frequency spectrum behaviour of real landscapes

Some industrialized nations also eavesdrop continuously on the entire radio spectrum, interpreting it in real time.

Since objects can be seen by light in the visible spectrum from a source reflecting off their surfaces and hitting the viewer's eye, the most natural form of invisibility ( whether real or fictional ) is an object that neither reflects nor absorbs light ( that is, it allows light to pass through it ).

The spectrum of any bounded symmetric operator is real ; in particular all its eigenvalues are real, although a symmetric operator may have no eigenvalues.

* Real Estate: in the context of private equity this will typically refer to the riskier end of the investment spectrum including " value added " and opportunity funds where the investments often more closely resemble leveraged buyouts than traditional real estate investments.

Alternatively, fuzzy logic offers a continuous spectrum of logical states represented in the unit interval of real numbers — it is a many-valued logic with infinitely-many truth-values, and thus the sand moves smoothly from " definitely heap " to " definitely not heap ", with shades in the intermediate region.

* Positive element of a C *- algebra ( such as a bounded linear operator ) whose spectrum consists of positive real numbers

In parallel to the whole spectrum of road pricing measures, the government has invested heavily in public transport and implemented a park-and-ride scheme, with thirteen fringe car parks, hence providing car users a real alternative to switch travel modes.

distribution about zero and white noise spectrum, K ( k ) is the ( real ) Fourier amplitude expected from the

In mathematics, especially functional analysis, a self-adjoint ( or hermitian ) element of a C *- algebra is called positive if its spectrum consists of non-negative real numbers.

This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit / s peak bitrate, in 2011 / 2012 expected to be followed by " real " 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol ( IP ) packet-switched networks giving Ultra Mobile Broadband ( gigabit speed ) access.

Even Gundam shows this tendency ; while the mecha designs are based in the real robot genre, the characters in the show typically have unique robots designed specifically for them, and the shows often feature characters with psychic powers or superhuman abilities ; the latter are both common in super robot anime, though the degree to which Gundam leans to either side of the spectrum varies considerably between installments.

In particular, for self-adjoint operators, the spectrum lies on the real line and ( in general ) is a spectral combination of a point spectrum of discrete eigenvalues and a continuous spectrum.

An undirected graph has a symmetric adjacency matrix and therefore has real eigenvalues ( the multiset of which is called the graph's spectrum ) and a complete set of orthonormal eigenvectors.

Another distinguishing feature of this policy was that Communists fought against their rivals on the left as vehemently as their opponents on the right of the political spectrum, with special viciousness directed at real or imaginary followers of Leon Trotsky.

Then the spectrum for the Laplace-Beltrami operator on is discrete and real, since the Laplace operator is self adjoint with compact resolvent ; that is

In its real estate activities, the decade from 2000 saw Investcorp arrange some 29 portfolios of US real estate for placement with its investors, ranging across the spectrum of office, commercial, residential, retail and hotel properties.

There was a requirement in the act that the FCC not auction off the public spectrum which the FCC itself valued at $ 11 –$ 70 billion.

His halachic opinions are valued by many rabbis across the religious spectrum.

Euroscepticism is the body of criticism of the European Union ( EU ), and opposition to the process of political European integration, existing throughout the political spectrum.

Should a president be of one side of the political spectrum and the opposition be in control of the legislature, the president is usually obliged to select someone from the opposition to become prime minister, a process known as Cohabitation.

Each cell is filtered independently much like the process used by a spectrum analyzer to produce the display showing different frequencies.

In contrast, frequency-hopping spread spectrum pseudo-randomly re-tunes the carrier, instead of adding pseudo-random noise to the data, the latter process results in a uniform frequency distribution whose width is determined by the output range of the pseudorandom number generator.

The related term " bandpass " is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering process ; it is frequently confused with " passband ", which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum.

Pink noise or 1 / ƒ noise ( sometimes also called flicker noise ) is a signal or process with a frequency spectrum such that the power spectral density ( energy or power per Hz ) is inversely proportional to the frequency.

Many texts define the process as FT → abs () → log → IFT, i. e., that the cepstrum is the " inverse Fourier transform of the log-magnitude Fourier spectrum ".

Any process that quantifies the various amounts ( e. g. amplitudes, powers, intensities, or phases ), versus frequency can be called spectrum analysis.

Beginning in the 1990s, the Australian Broadcasting Authority began a process to move these stations to UHF bands to free up valuable VHF spectrum for its original purpose of FM radio.

Before beginning the process of peak identification, the analyst must determine if the BEs of the unprocessed survey spectrum ( 0-1400 eV ) have or have not been shifted due to a positive or negative surface charge.

Carter resolved to maintain his access to a broad spectrum of information by more fully engaging his Cabinet officers in the decision-making process.

While Dolby A operates across the whole spectrum, the other systems specifically emphasize the audible frequency range where background tape hiss, an artifact of the recording process that is similar to white noise, is most noticeable ( usually above 1 kHz ).

Civil Reconnaissance is the process of gathering a broad spectrum of civil information about a specific population in support of military operations.

To achieve a wider color spectrum with a limited number of colors, process printing ( using only cyan, magenta, yellow and black ink ) or simulated process ( using only white, black, red, green, blue, and gold ink ) is effective.

Interceding within that spectrum for the actual availing of collective governance to be allotted systematization and their undivided agency, but relegated for the regulation of such freedom toward constructed entities is the federative process.

Use of radio frequency bands of the electromagnetic spectrum is regulated by governments in most countries, in a Spectrum management process known as frequency allocation or spectrum allocation.

Title II, " Broadcast Services ": Outlines the granting and licensing of broadcast spectrum by the government, including a provision to issue licenses to current television stations to commence digital television broadcasting, the use of the revenues generated by such licensing, the terms of broadcast licenses, the process of renewing broadcast licenses, direct broadcast satellite services, automated ship distress and safety systems, and restrictions on over-the-air reception devices

Demand assignment allows all users apparently continuous access of the radio spectrum by assigning carrier frequencies on a temporary basis using a statistical assignment process.

In a spread spectrum system, the process gain ( or ' processing gain ') is the ratio of the spread ( or RF ) bandwidth to the unspread ( or baseband ) bandwidth.

Bandpass is an adjective that describes a type of filter or filtering process ; it is frequently confused with passband, which refers to the actual portion of affected spectrum.

However this is rare due to the high cost of buying a commercial broadcasting station, and because for years the FCC failed to maintain a process that would ensure that non-commercial applicants would have a chance against those who could afford to bid at spectrum auctions.

In computing, an optical disc drive ( ODD ) is a disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.