The decode stage ended up with quite a lot of hardware: the MIPS instruction set had the possibility of branching if two registers were equal, so a 32-bit-wide AND tree ran in series after the register file read, making a very long critical path through this stage.

It has many built-in functions, like a color and grayscale display controller, PC speaker sound, serial port with UART and IRDA support, UART bootstrap, real time clock, is able to directly access DRAM, Flash ROM, and mask ROM, and has built-in support for touch screens.

The memory controller supported FPM and EDO DRAM, SRAM, flash, and ROM.

Refresh logic is provided in a DRAM controller which automates the periodic refresh, that is no software or other hardware has to perform it.

In operation, CAS latency is a specific number of clock cycles programmed into the SDRAM's mode register and expected by the DRAM controller.

The ASIC integrated two 700 MHz PowerPC 440 embedded processors, each with a double-pipeline-double-precision Floating Point Unit ( FPU ), a cache sub-system with built-in DRAM controller and the logic to support multiple communication sub-systems.

Like the Z80 before it, the Z800 retained the internal DRAM controller and clock, but added 256 bytes of RAM that could be used either as " scratchpad " RAM, or as a cache.

The 68000 and video controller take turns accessing DRAM every four CPU cycles during display of the frame buffer, while the 68000 has unrestricted access to DRAM during vertical and horizontal blanking intervals.

Also integrates full DRAM controller.

* DRAM refresh controller.

* Integrated DRAM controller

The rest of the memory was 16kB of 8-bit DRAM that was accessible only indirectly through the video display controller, which crippled the performance of the TI-99 / 4.

*** PSRAM ( Pseudostatic RAM ) This is DRAM which has circuitry to perform memory refresh on the chip, so that it acts like SRAM, allowing the external memory controller to be shut down to save energy.

As standard it had a 1 MHz 6502, 32K DRAM, a disk controller, and either the 80x25 or the Teletext 40x25 VDU cards.

* The microprocessor is directly connected to DRAM memory through an integrated memory controller.

Mosys uses a single-transistor storage cell ( bit cell ) like dynamic random access memory ( DRAM ), but surrounds the bit cell with control circuitry that makes the memory functionally equivalent to SRAM ( the controller hides all DRAM-specific operations such as precharging and refresh ).

Multi-channel memory architecture is a technology that increases the transfer speed of data between the DRAM and the memory controller by adding more channels of communication between them.

Registered ( also called buffered ) memory modules have a register between the DRAM modules and the system's memory controller.

To use the video port, the controller first uses the DRAM port to select the row of the memory array that is to be displayed.

The controller can then continue to use the DRAM port for drawing objects on the display.

It may be that vendors are not prepared to take the risk of allocating a modern fab to MRAM production when such fabs cost upwards of a few billion dollars to build and can instead generate revenue by serving developed markets producing flash and DRAM memories.

Dram or DRAM may refer to:

This means that NRAM may be able to become much denser than DRAM, meaning that it will also be less expensive.

With NRAM all of these may be replaced, with some NRAM placed on the CPU to act as the CPU cache, and more in other chips replacing both the DRAM and FLASH.

Because modern DRAM modules ' CAS latencies are specified in clock ticks instead of time, when comparing latencies at different clock speeds, latencies must be translated into actual times to make a fair comparison ; a higher numerical CAS latency may still be a shorter real-time latency if the clock is faster.

Therefore, to initialize DRAM controllers and DRAM, the initialization code may have only the CPU's general purpose registers or Cache-as-RAM as temporary storage.

* in DRAM memory circuits, capacitor trenches may be 10 – 20 µm deep,

Perhaps a key to the initial success of the Z80 was the built-in DRAM refresh, and other features which allowed systems to be built with fewer support chips ( later on, most Z80 systems have been embedded systems, which typically uses static RAM and hence does not need this refresh ).

The low-level interface to flash memory chips differs from those of other memory types such as DRAM, ROM, and EEPROM, which support bit-alterability ( both zero to one and one to zero ) and random access via externally accessible address buses.

In April 2010, Loongson 3A was released with DDR2 / 3 DRAM support.

The same slot bus was continued on the ZX81, and later the ZX Spectrum, which encouraged a small cottage industry of expansion devices, including memory ( Sinclair produced RAM expansion packs for the ZX80: the original ZX80 RAM Pack held either 1, 2 or 3 KB of static RAM ; a later model held 16 KB, using dynamic RAM chips ( DRAM )), printers, and even floppy drives.

A compute card contains a Blue Gene / P chip with 2 or 4 GB DRAM, comprising a " compute node ".

-DIMMs based on Double Data Rate 2 ( DDR2 ) DRAM also have data and data strobe frequencies at double the rate of the clock.

* 64-bit DRAM or VRAM ( VX ) memory interface, 2, 4, and 8 ( VX ) MiB video memory, Single-cycle EDO operation

Concludes that 1000 – 5000 FIT per Mbit ( 0. 2 – 1 error per day per Gbyte ) is a typical DRAM soft error rate.

Each chip is divided internally into eight banks of 2 < sup > 27 </ sup >= 128 Mibits, each of which comprises a separate DRAM array.

Customers could choose which cards to install in the remaining slots, including interface cards, an additional 16K DRAM card, and / or an Econet network adapter ; they could also choose to upgrade the processor board to a faster 2 MHz 6502 board.

* VRAM: 640 KiB DRAM " borrowed " from system RAM ( 2 MiB w / Power Macintosh AV card )

If the first digit is a ( 2 ), then the card uses plain DRAM.

Each PE had between 64 MB and 2 GB of DRAM and a 6-way interconnect router with a payload bandwidth of 480 MB / s in each direction.

The centerpiece of the machine was a Motorola 68000 microprocessor connected to a 128 kB DRAM by a 16-bit data bus.

Like the 128K Macintosh before it, the 512K contained a Motorola 68000 connected to a 512 kB DRAM by a 16-bit data bus.

DRAM ), and 16-bit datapath which limited its memory bandwidth.