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A 4GL is defined as a language that supports 12 – 20 function points per staff month.
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4GL and is
* 1975 — Sperry Univac Introduce MAPPER ( MAintain, Prepare, and Produce Executive Reports ) is a database management and reporting system that includes the world's first 4GL.
A fourth-generation programming language ( 1970s-1990 ) ( abbreviated 4GL ) is a programming language or programming environment designed with a specific problem domain or set of design patterns in mind, such as the development of commercial business software.
In a sense, the 4GL is an example of ' black box ' processing, each generation ( in the sense of the page ) is further from the machine ( see the Computer Science history in regard to data structure improvements and information hiding ).
It is this latter nature that is directly associated with 4GL having errors that are harder, in many cases, to debug.
An interesting twist to the 4GL scene is realization that graphical interfaces and the related reasoning done by the user form a ' language ' that is poorly understood.
A good example of this type of 4GL language is PowerBuilder.
A batch " spreadsheet " is indistinguishable from a batch compiler with added input data, producing an output report, i. e., a 4GL or conventional, non-interactive, batch computer program.
The QuickBuild 4GL is packaged in two forms:
Because the 4GL and other tools such as the screen designer work only with the DDS dictionary, which also holds the database schemas, there is considerable reuse of metadata that is rarely achieved with other 4GLs.
Informix-4GL is a 4GL programming language developed by Informix during the mid-1980s.
BuildProfessional is a 4GL programming language developed by Today Systems.
Baan software is famous for its Dynamic Enterprise Modeler ( DEM ), technical architecture and its 4GL language.
Baan 4GL and Tools nowadays is still considered to be one of the most efficient and productive database application development platforms.
It is a process virtual machine to run Baan 4GL language.
Clarion is a commercial, 4GL, multi-paradigm, programming language and Integrated Development Environment from SoftVelocity used to program database applications.
Clarion is historically notable as being one of the first computer languages for MS-DOS that provided a 4GL screen painter, report writer and native database access.
PROIV is a fourth-generation programming language ( 4GL ), developed and sold by NorthgateArinso, part of the Northgate Information Solutions Group.
Once programmers are familiar with PROIV then, consistent with the nature of PROIV as a 4GL, productivity in PROIV's intended application domains is typically high and programmers can be effective even without extensive technical skills / knowledge.
It is a relatively early example of a fully fledged and commercially used fourth-generation programming language ( 4GL ).
It is a language used to build database queries, and is regarded as a fourth-generation programming language ( 4GL ).
4GL and language
The TopSpeed compiler technology exists today as the underlying technology of the Clarion 4GL programming language, a Windows development tool.
* Progress 4GL, programming language developed by Progress Software now known as OpenEdge Advanced Business Language
The many features of SPSS are accessible via pull-down menus or can be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language.
In 1979 Natural, a 4GL application development language, was launched.
* Natural-a 4GL application development language can be used along with ADABAS for application development
* TOOL Programming Language, the proprietary programming language used by Forte 4GL
SAS DATA steps are written in a 3rd-generation procedural language very similar to PL / I ; SAS PROCS, especially PROC SQL, are non-procedural and therefore better fit the definition of a 4GL.
The language was called PROGRESS or Progress 4GL prior to the release of version 10. 0.
Older USAS applications such as USAS * RES ( Reservations System ) or USAS * FDC ( Flight Data Control ) were written originally in Fortran, but elements of various applications were also written in COBOL, Unisys 1100 / 2200 assembly language ( ASM or MASM ), and the LINC 4GL.
Some of the features included, and continue to include, a programming-free application development wizard, automatic multi-user capabilities, a full-featured 4GL programming language, form, report and label designers, and a fully ANSI SQL compliant relational language capability.
4GL and supports
As well as database schemas and file and record descriptions, the dictionary keeps track of objects such as reports and queries, screen designs, and 4GL code ; it also supports a variety of models at the requirements capture level, such as entity-relationship models and process models.
4GL and –
However, given the right problem, the use of an appropriate 4GL can be spectacularly successful as was seen with MARK-IV and MAPPER ( see History Section, Santa Fe real-time tracking of their freight cars – the productivity gains were estimated to be 8 times over COBOL ).
This correlates with about 16 – 27 lines of code per function point implemented in a 4GL.
4GL –
4GL and function
A quantitative definition of 4GL has been set by Capers Jones, as part of his work on function point analysis.
The early input scheme for the 4GL supported entry of data within the 72-character limit of the punched card ( 8 bytes used for sequencing ) where a card's tag would identify the type or function.
Another company called MoreData developed technology to call any 4GL function in the native 4GL-generated executables from a Java EE application server, using Java Connector Architecture.
4GL and .
In the history of computer science, the 4GL followed the 3GL in an upward trend toward higher abstraction and statement power.
The 4GL was followed by efforts to define and use a 5GL.
4GL and 5GL projects are more oriented toward problem solving and systems engineering.
Though used earlier in papers and discussions, the term 4GL was first used formally by James Martin in his 1982 book Applications Development Without Programmers to refer to non-procedural, high-level specification languages.
The motivations for the ' 4GL ' inception and continued interest are several.
Just as the 3GL offered greater power to the programmer, so too did the 4GL open up the development environment to a wider population.
In terms of applications, a 4GL could be business oriented or it could deal with some technical domain.
Given the wide disparity of concepts and methods across domains, 4GL limitations lead to recognition of the need for the 5GL.
With judicious use of a few cards, the 4GL deck could offer a wide variety of processing and reporting capability whereas the equivalent functionality coded in a 3GL could subsume, perhaps, a whole box or more of cards.
The development of the 4GL was influenced by several factors, with the hardware and operating system constraints having a large weight.
When the 4GL was first introduced, a disparate mix of hardware and operating systems mandated custom application development support that was specific to the system in order to ensure sales.
Santa Fe railroad used MAPPER to develop a system, in a project that was an early example of 4GL, rapid prototyping, and programming by users.
One of the early ( and portable ) languages that had 4GL properties was Ramis developed by Gerald C. Cohen at Mathematica, a mathematical software company.
Cohen left Mathematica and founded Information Builders to create a similar reporting-oriented 4GL, called FOCUS.
Later 4GL types are tied to a database system and are far different from the earlier types in their use of techniques and resources that have resulted from the general improvement of computing with time.
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