* Crookes tube

Cathode rays casting a shadow on the wall of a Crookes tube

A schematic diagram of a Crookes tube apparatus.

In the early cold cathode vacuum tubes, called Crookes tubes, this was done by using a high electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to ionize the residual gas in the tube ; the ions were accelerated by the electric field and released electrons when they collided with the cathode.

File: Katódsugarak mágneses mezőben ( 2 ). jpg | Crookes tube under power

Crookes found that as he pumped more air out of the tubes, the Faraday dark space spread down the tube from the cathode toward the anode, until the tube was totally dark.

The gas ionization ( or cold cathode ) method of producing cathode rays used in Crookes tubes was unreliable, because it depended on the pressure of the residual air in the tube.

* Crookes tube

He was a pioneer of vacuum tubes, inventing the Crookes tube.

The simplest and cheapest variety of sealed X-ray tube has a stationary anode ( the Crookes tube ) and produces ~ 2 kW of X-ray radiation.

Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus, late 1800s.

The most famous was the evacuated tube used for scientific research by William Crookes.

But the Crookes tube, as it came to be known, produced little light because the vacuum in it was too good and thus lacked the trace amounts of gas that are needed for electrically stimulated luminescence.

* William Crookes invents the Crookes tube which produces cathode rays.

* 1875 – William Crookes invented the Crookes tube and studied cathode rays

An electric glow discharge tube featuring its most important characteristics: ( a ) An anode at one end and cathode at the other end ( b ) Aston Dark Space ( c ) Cathode glow ( d ) Cathode dark space ( also called Crookes dark space, or Hittorf dark space ) ( e ) Negative glow ( f ) Faraday space ( g ) Positive column ( h ) Anode glow ( i ) Anode dark space.

Crookes X-ray tube from early 1900s.

Crookes tubes generated the electrons needed to create X-rays by ionization of the residual air in the tube, instead of a heated filament, so they were partially but not completely evacuated.

The Crookes tube was improved by William Coolidge in 1913.

The advanced students in physics of those days will always remember the zeal with which Miss Whiting immediately set up an old Crookes tube and the delight when she actually obtained some of the very first photographs taken in this country of coins within a purse and bones within the flesh.

William Crookes developed a modification of the Geissler tube into what is known as the Crookes tube to demonstrate and study these rays, later determined to be a stream of electrons.

A is a low voltage power supply to heat cathode C ( a " cold cathode " was used by Crookes ).

Crookes and Artur Shuster believed they were particles of " radiant matter ", that is, electrically charged atoms.

The ionization method of creating cathode rays used in Crookes tubes is today only used in a few specialized gas discharge tubes such as krytrons.

When a radiant energy source is directed at a Crookes radiometer, the radiometer becomes a heat engine.

Both Einstein's and Reynolds's forces appear to cause a Crookes radiometer to rotate, although it still isn't clear which one is stronger.

He was the inventor of the Crookes radiometer, which today is made and sold as a novelty item.

He soon discovered the phenomenon upon which depends the action of the Crookes radiometer, in which a system of vanes, each blackened on one side and polished on the other, is set in rotation when exposed to radiant energy.

The pressure is very feeble, but can be detected by allowing the radiation to fall upon a delicately poised vane of reflective metal in a Nichols radiometer ( this should not be confused with the Crookes radiometer, whose characteristic motion is not caused by radiation pressure but by impacting gas molecules ).

This apparatus is sometimes confused with the Crookes radiometer of 1873, in which vanes turn in a partial vacuum under the influence of low pressure gas molecules and not directly by the photons themselves.

* ZnS ( Ag ) or zinc sulfide: ZnS ( Ag ) is one of the older inorganic scintillators ( the first experiment making use of a scintillator by Sir William Crookes ( 1903 ) involved a ZnS screen ).

A residential area, it consists largely of terraced houses, has a significant student population and is home to Crookes Valley Park which also includes the Dam House.

Crookes ward — which includes the districts of Crookes, Steelbank, Crosspool, and Sandygate — is one of the 28 electoral wards in City of Sheffield, England.

Crookes ward is located within Sheffield Hallam Parliamentary constituency.

Crookes () is a suburb of the City of Sheffield, England, about west of the city centre.

The name ' Steel Bank ' is rarely used, and most would just called the area ' Crookes '.

Ever since the invention by Sir William Crookes, it is used in safety glasses for glassblowing and blacksmithing, especially when a gas ( propane ) powered forge is used, where it provides a filter which selectively blocks the yellowish light at 589 nm emitted by the hot sodium in the glass, without having a detrimental effect on general vision, unlike dark welder's glasses.

A common example is the Crookes radiometer, an early-model device wherein a rotor ( having vanes which are dark on one side, and light on the other ) in a partial vacuum spins when exposed to light.

A common myth ( one originally held even by Crookes ) is that the momentum of the absorbed light on the black faces makes the radiometer operate.

The Nichols radiometer operates on a different principle and is more sensitive than the Crookes type.

Crosspool is a suburb with vague boundaries and it merges with the adjacent neighbourhoods of Crookes, Fulwood and Ranmoor, and has sub-districts within it such as Tapton Hill, Sandygate and Hallam Head.