* Eight Up: The College Years, Survey of Conservative Jewish youth from middle school to college.

In the meantime the Jewish Agency called on Palestine's Jewish youth to volunteer for the British Army ( both men and women ).

In November 1938, Goebbels got the chance to take decisive action against the Jews for which he had been waiting when a Jewish youth, Herschel Grynszpan, shot a German diplomat in Paris, Ernst vom Rath, in revenge for the deportation of his family to Poland and the persecution of German Jews generally.

JDL members led protests against anti-Semitic teachers in the public school system, provided escorts for elderly Jews and educated Jewish youth in the art of self-defense.

It is the fastest growing Jewish youth movement, and in 2008 celebrates its 20th Birthday.

* May 3 – The Aleph Zadik Aleph, the oldest Jewish youth fraternity, is founded in Omaha, Nebraska.

Haredi Jewish youth in Jerusalem, reading a Pashkvil

Katz's being bullied in his youth for being Jewish and wearing glasses spurred him to become a pro football player ; when his career with the New York Jets was ended by a leg injury, Katz became a bodybuilder.

The Jewish youth movement, Eclaireuses et Eclaireurs israélites de France ( EEIF ), equivalent to Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts in other countries, had, during the early years of the occupation, shown support for the Vichy regime's traditional values, but it was banned in 1943.

He was an intelligent, sensitive youth who had few close friends, although he was an active member of the Jewish youth sports club, Bar-Kochba Hanover.

He was active in Jewish émigré circles and was a member of the Bundist youth movement Tsukunft.

Jewish youth had been active in scouting in San Antonio for many years before a synagogue sponsored a troop for them in 1924.

Zionist Jewish youth movements flourished in the 1920s, from right-wing movements like Betar to left-wing socialist groups such as Dror, Brit Haolim, Kadima, Habonim ( now Habonim Dror ), and Hashomer Hatzair.

The USCJ works in the fields of Jewish education, youth activities, congregational standards and action and Israel affairs, and published the magazine United Synagogue Review.

In 1838 Hirsch published, as a necessary concomitant of the Letters, his Horeb, oder Versuche über Jissroel's Pflichten in der Zerstreuung, which is a text-book on Judaism for educated Jewish youth.

Our own Jewish educational system must serve to prepare the youth to be upright Jews, secure in their faith, who will draw the strength to face the onerous demands which life will make on them from conscious solidarity with the Jewish community, from work for the Jewish present and faith in the Jewish future.

* The largest and oldest are the Orthodox Union ( Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America ), which sponsors youth groups, kashrut supervision, and many other activities and its rabbinic counterpart, the Rabbinical Council of America ( RCA ).

Douglas, in his autobiography, See You at the Movies ( 1987 ), writes that he was unaware of his Jewish background until later in his youth: " I did not learn about the non-Christian part of my heritage until my early teens ," as his parents preferred to hide his Jewish heritage.

During his youth, Rabbi Schneerson received mostly private Jewish education.

In upper teen Jewish life, the non-college group tends to have a sense of marginality.

What is noteworthy about this large group of teen-agers is that, although their attitudes hardly differentiate them from their gentile counterparts, they actually lead their lives in a vast self-enclosed Jewish cosmos with relatively little contact with the non-Jewish world.

In a 2005 U. S. governmental report, antisemitism is defined as " hatred toward Jews — individually and as a group — that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and / or ethnicity.

For instance, if two men and a woman were to eat a meal together, a Conservative Jew would believe that the presence of three adult Jews would obligate the group to say a communal form of the Grace After Meals, while an Orthodox Jew would believe that, lacking three adult Jewish males, the group would not be able to do such.

Other sources state that Dada did not originate fully in a Zurich literary salon but grew out of an already vibrant artistic tradition in Eastern Europe, particularly Romania, that transposed to Switzerland when a group of Jewish modernist artists ( Tzara, Marcel & Iuliu Iancu, Arthur Segal, and others ) settled in Zurich.

While these characteristics fit a Monophysite framework, a slight majority of scholars consider that Ignatius was waging a polemic on two distinct fronts, one Jewish, the other docetic, while a distinct minority holds that he is concerned with a group that commingled Judaism and docetism.

The most famous was Masada, where, in 70-73 CE, a small group of Jewish zealots held out against the might of the Roman legion, and Machaerus where, according to Josephus, John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died.

The main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or minyan, the exemption from positive time-bound mitzvot, and women's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate divorce.

The content of " M " suggests that this community was stricter than the others in its attitude to keeping the Jewish law, holding that they must exceed the scribes and the Pharisees in " righteousness " ( adherence to Jewish law ); and of the three only " M " refers to a " church " ( ecclesia ), an organised group with rules for keeping order.

" he Gospel of Matthew addresses a deviant group within the Jewish community in greater Syria, a reformist Jewish sect seeking influence and power ( relatively unsuccessfully ) within the Jewish community as a whole.

In 1844, Jews constituted the largest population group in Jerusalem and by 1890 an absolute majority in the city, but as a whole the Jewish population made up far less than 10 % of the country.

A small group ( with about 200 activists ), dedicated to Jewish resistance to the British administration in Palestine, broke away from the Etzel ( which advocated support for Britain during the war ) and formed the " Lehi " ( Stern Gang ), led by Avraham Stern.

Jewish sources, however, do not group him with those two prophets, who are often placed together, so it is possible that he was slightly earlier than they.

After the war a large group of Orthodox Jewish Survivors of the nearby Bergen-Belsen concentration camp settled in Hanover.

Jews are an ethnoreligious group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism.

Other examples of syncretism include Judeo-Paganists, a loosely organized set of Jews who incorporate pagan or Wiccan beliefs with some Jewish religious practices, like Messianic Judaism ; Jewish Buddhists, another loosely organized group that incorporates elements of Asian spirituality in their faith ; and some Renewal Jews who borrow freely and openly from Buddhism, Sufism, Native American religion, and other faiths.

Jewellery can also be symbolic of group membership, as in the case of the Christian crucifix or Jewish Star of David, or of status, as in the case of chains of office, or the Western practice of married people wearing a wedding ring.

* Touro University Gay-Straight Alliance: The GLBT student group for the largest Jewish sponsored university in the world.

In his earliest work, Neusner had argued that the most credible evidence showed that the Second Commonwealth Pharisees were a sectarian group centered on " table fellowship " and ritual food purity practices, and less interested in wider Jewish values or social issues.

Before independence, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah.

Although controversial at its time, the 13 principles laid out by the 12th century Spanish Jewish philosopher Maimonides are now considered mostly normative.

In 1854, Frankel became the head of the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau ( then in Prussia, now Wrocław, Poland ).

Rust asked, " How is mathematics in Göttingen now that it has been freed of the Jewish influence?

The only exception is the Jewish American officer, who is shown as both hyper-intelligent and very unscrupulous, which Bartov noted seems to imply that the real tragedy of World War II was the Nazis did not get a chance to exterminate all of the Jews, who have now returned with Germany's defeat to once more exploit the German people.

" Scholars have put forward several theories to explain Papias: perhaps Matthew wrote two gospels, one, now lost, in Hebrew, the other our Greek version ; or perhaps the logia was a collection of sayings rather than the gospel ; or by dialektōi Papias may have meant that Matthew wrote in the Jewish style rather than in the Hebrew language.

The Nazi leadership attempted to remove or subjugate the Jewish population of Nazi Germany and later in the occupied countries through forced deportation and, ultimately, genocide now known as the Holocaust.

The White Paper of 1939, stated that with over 450, 000 Jews having now arrived in Palestine, the Balfour Declaration aim of " a national home for the Jewish people " had been achieved.

The Polish and German Jewish communities, which had played such an important role in defining the pre-1945 Jewish world, now virtually ceased to exist.

Leadership of the movement passed to the Jewish Agency in Palestine, now led by the anti-British Socialist-Zionist party ( Mapai ) and led by David Ben-Gurion.

Although Labour Party conferences had for years called for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine, the Labour government now decided to maintain the 1939 White Paper restrictions.

Large numbers of Jewish immigrants, many of them World War II veterans and Holocaust survivors now began arriving in the new state of Israel, and many joined the IDF.

After telling the audience " I shall now read to you the scroll of the Establishment of the State, which has passed its first reading by the National Council ", Ben-Gurion proceeded to read out the declaration, taking 16 minutes, ending with the words " Let us accept the Foundation Scroll of the Jewish State by rising " and calling on Rabbi Fishman to recite the Shehecheyanu blessing.

During 1942, Goebbels continued to press for the " final solution to the Jewish question " to be carried forward as quickly as possible now that Germany had occupied a huge swathe of Soviet territory into which all the Jews of German-controlled Europe could be deported.

* Judah Loew ben Bezalel, the Maharal, important Talmudic scholar, Jewish mystic, and philosopher who served as a leading rabbi in Prague ( now in the Czech Republic ) for most of his life

On the other hand, the Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies of the University of Judaism ( now the American Jewish University ) in Los Angeles had previously stated that it will immediately begin admitting gay and lesbian students as soon as the law committee passes a policy that sanctions gay ordination.

Radek was born in Lemberg, Austria-Hungary ( now Lviv in Ukraine ), as Karol Sobelsohn, to a Jewish family, his father, Bernhard, worked in the post office and died whilst Karl was young.

According to Serge Klarsfeld, since the now complete and constant publicity which the artworks got in 1996, the majority of the French Jewish community is nevertheless in favour of the return to the normal French civil rule of prescription acquisitive of any unclaimed good after another long period of time and consequently to their ultimate integration into the common French heritage instead of their transfer to foreign institutions like during World War II.

Friedman was born in Brooklyn, New York, to recent Jewish immigrants Jenő Friedman and Sára Landau from Beregszász in Austria-Hungary ( now Berehove in Ukraine ), both of whom worked as dry goods merchants.

In 1975 JTS instituted a year of study in Israel as a requirement for every rabbinical student in JTS and the University of Judaism's ( now the American Jewish University ) rabbinical seminary.

While the English term " saint " originated in Christianity, the term is now applied in other world religions, with the Jewish Tzadik, the Islamic wali, the Hindu rishi or guru, and the Buddhist arahat or boddhisatva also referred to as saints.

The central claim of Kahanism is that the vast majority of the Arabs of Israel are now, and will continue to be, enemies of Jews and Israel itself, and that a Jewish theocratic state, governed by Halakha, absent of a voting non-Jewish population and including Israel, the West Bank, Gaza Strip, areas of modern-day Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria and even Iraq should be created.

Meanwhile, Laurents had written a new draft of the book changing the characters ' backgrounds: Anton, once an Irish American, was now of Polish and Irish descent, and the formerly Jewish Maria had become a Puerto Rican.

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, " This and other similar doctrines found in the Zohar are now known to be much older than Christianity, but the Christian scholars who were led by the similarity of these teachings to certain Christian dogmas deemed it their duty to propagate the Zohar.

The contents of the suitcase, including the list of the names of those he had saved and the text of his farewell speech before leaving his Jewish workers in 1945, are now at the Holocaust museum of Yad Vashem in Israel.