AARP resolves AppleTalk addresses to link layer, usually MAC, addresses.

It defines physical layer ( PHY ) and Media Access Control ( MAC ) specification for wireless connectivity with fixed, portable and moving devices within or entering personal operating space.

The IEEE 802. 15. 4f Active RFID System Task Group is chartered to define new wireless Physical ( PHY ) layer ( s ) and enhancements to the 802. 15. 4-2006 standard MAC layer which are required to support new PHY ( s ) for Active RFID System bi-directional and location determination applications.

IEEE 802. 3 is a working group and a collection of IEEE standards produced by the working group defining the physical layer and data link layer's media access control ( MAC ) of wired Ethernet.

At the MAC layer, VLAN IEEE 802. 1Q and IEEE 802. 1p can be used to carry essentially the same information.

At the Media Access Control ( MAC ) layer, VLAN IEEE 802. 1Q and IEEE 802. 1p can be used to carry essentially the same information as used by DiffServ.

Queueing theory models have been developed on performance analysis and QoS for MAC layer protocols.

This function is referred to as layer 2 bridging, as the addresses it uses to forward the traffic are layer 2 addresses ( e. g. MAC addresses on Ethernet ).

MAC handles the scheduling of data on air interface depending on higher layer ( RRC ) configured parameters.

Because Wake-on-LAN operates below the IP protocol layer the MAC address is required and makes IP addresses and DNS names meaningless.

However, by convention a subnet on broadcast MAC layer networks always has 64-bit host identifiers.

* IEEE 802. 15. 4 ( used, e. g., as PHY and MAC layer for ZigBee, or, as the physical layer for WirelessHART )

MAC layer PDU becomes physical layer SDU

The group essentially combined technologies from the two dominant proprietary systems at the time, taking the physical layer from the Motorola CDLP system and the MAC layer from the LANcity system.

* IEEE 802. 11e is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802. 11 standard that defines a set of quality-of-service enhancements for wireless LAN applications through modifications to the Media Access Control ( MAC ) layer.

When Ethernet switches made this a non-issue ( because each switch port is a collision domain ), attention turned to reducing the size of the broadcast domain at the MAC layer.

The LLC sublayer acts as an interface between the media access control ( MAC ) sublayer and the network layer.

* Multiplexing protocols transmitted over the MAC layer ( when transmitting ) and decoding them ( when receiving ).

Since bit errors are very rare in wired networks, Ethernet does not provide flow control or automatic repeat request ( ARQ ), meaning that incorrect packets are detected but only cancelled, not retransmitted ( except in case of collisions detected by the CSMA / CD MAC layer protocol ).

In wireless networks such as IEEE 802. 11, flow control and error management is part of the CSMA / CA MAC protocol, and not part of the LLC layer.

Cytochrome c is also released from mitochondria due to formation of a channel, the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel ( MAC ), in the outer mitochondrial membrane, and serves a regulatory function as it precedes morphological change associated with apoptosis.

MAC, also called " Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization Pore " is regulated by various proteins, such as those encoded by the mammalian Bcl-2 family of anti-apoptopic genes, the homologs of the ced-9 gene found in C. elegans.

This is achieved by designating one or more " server " or " provider " nodes, either by MAC address or switch port.

This feature, which is not supported by all DHCP servers, is variously called Static DHCP Assignment by DD-WRT, fixed-address by the dhcpd documentation, Address Reservation by Netgear, DHCP reservation or Static DHCP by Cisco and Linksys, and IP reservation or MAC / IP binding by various other router manufacturers.

This message contains the client's MAC address, the IP address that the server is offering, the subnet mask, the lease duration, and the IP address of the DHCP server making the offer.

As with other IEEE 802 LANs, each Ethernet station is given a 48-bit MAC address.

< span id =" switch_vulnerabilities "> Despite this, switched Ethernet should still be regarded as an insecure network technology, because it is easy to subvert switched Ethernet systems by means such as ARP spoofing and MAC flooding .</ span >

IEEE 802. 15. 3-2003 is a MAC and PHY standard for high-rate ( 11 to 55 Mbit / s ) WPANs.

The IEEE 802. 15 Task Group 4e is chartered to define a MAC amendment to the existing standard 802. 15. 4-2006.

The intent of this amendment is to enhance and add functionality to the 802. 15. 4-2006 MAC to a ) better support the industrial markets and b ) permit compatibility with modifications being proposed within the Chinese WPAN.

The low-rate mesh is built on IEEE 802. 15. 4-2006 MAC, while the high rate mesh utilizes IEEE 802. 15. 3 / 3b MAC.

* Hosts have a 48-bit node address which by default is set to the network interface card's MAC address.

As the node address is usually identical to the MAC address of the network adapter, the Address Resolution Protocol is not needed.

Beneath the LLC sublayer is the Media Access Control ( MAC ) sublayer, which is dependent on the particular medium being used ( Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, 802. 11, etc.

IEEE 802. 3 is an exception ; Ethernet originally used Ethernet II framing, with a 2-octet type field containing an EtherType value, and no 802. 2 header, but the original IEEE 802. 3 specification used a framing wherein the 2-octet field following the 6-octet destination and source MAC addresses contained a frame length, with an 802. 2 LLC header following the length field.

Interfaces can have addresses based on the MAC address of the machine ( the EUI-64 format ), but this is not a requirement.

Even when an address is not based on the MAC address though, the interface's address is ( contrary to IPv4 ) usually global instead of local, which makes it much easier to identify a single user through the IP address.

SHA-1 HMAC Generation. In cryptography, a hash-based message authentication code ( HMAC ) is a specific construction for calculating a message authentication code ( MAC ) involving a cryptographic hash function in combination with a secret cryptographic key.

Some of them operated on 24-bit variables and a typical model only required about 21 ns for a MAC.

According to 802. 3-2002 section 4. 1. 4, the functions required of a MAC are:

Upgrade kits from companies such as Trac Satellite allowed retuning whilst other kits allowed fully working menu systems and decoding of ' soft ' encrypted channels, although this required the receiver to have one of the later MAC chipsets.

The Little Caesars Pizza Bowl features a bowl-eligible team from the Mid-American Conference ( usually the winner of the MAC Championship Game, although that team is not required to accept the bid ; prior to the formation of the bowl the MAC champion earned an automatic bid to the Las Vegas Bowl ) playing a bowl-eligible team from the Big Ten Conference.

It was required that all high-powered satellite broadcasters to use MAC from 1986.

Following the C-5 crash, and with the cause still unknown, the C-5 fleet was grounded and the MAC airlift was reduced to using C-141s and C-130s ; rather than combat loading, each evacuee required a seat and a seatbelt, reducing the number of passengers that could be carried on each flight.

Originally the Armée de l ' Air favoured magazine-fed weapons, but it eventually accepted that the feeding system of the MAC 34 would require too frequent reloadings for dorsal gunners, and was impractical for wing mountings, so it required the development of a belt-fed variant.

On other network types, the LLC and SNAP headers are required in order to multiplex different protocols on the link layer, as the MAC layer doesn't itself have an EtherType field, so there's no alternative framing that would have a larger available payload.

In August 2007, MAC training became required in every Army unit by Army regulation 350-1.

Bellare and Namprempre ( 2000 ) analyzed three compositions of these primitives, and demonstrated that encrypting a message and subsequently applying a MAC to the ciphertext implies security against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack, provided that both functions meet the required properties.