The fossil record of the bird stretches back to the Pleistocene.

At 40 sites in Europe fossil bones and dental remains of leopards dating from the Pleistocene were excavated mostly in loess and caves.

The oldest New World fossil of a trogon is from the comparatively recent Pleistocene.

Several important archaeological and palaeontological sites, some of which have yielded fossil hominoids and hominins, are present in the Miocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences of the Tugen Hills.

The fossil record of the genus Cygnus is quite impressive, although allocation to the subgenera is often tentative ; as indicated above, at least the early forms probably belong to the C. olor-Southern Hemisphere lineage, whereas the Pleistocene taxa from North America would be placed in Olor.

He argues that the ancestors of apes as well as humans may have had their evolutionary history influenced by exposure to flooded forest environments, and that based on the hominin fossil record, regular part-time underwater foraging began in the Pleistocene rather than the early Pliocene as Morgan ’ s model proposes.

Orange County's Rock Spring location is a Pleistocene fossil bearing area and has yielded a vast variety of birds and mammals including giant sloth, mammoth, camel, and the Dire Wolf dating around 1. 1 million years ago.

* Genus Pelargosteon ( fossil: Early Pleistocene of Romania )

( fossil: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico )

A " ciconiiform " fossil fragment from the Touro Passo Formation found at Arroio Touro Passo ( Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ) might be of the living Wood Stork M. americana ; it is at most of Late Pleistocene age, a few 10. 000s of years.

* Schmaltz Hsou, Annie ( 2007 ): O estado atual do registro fóssil de répteis e aves no Pleistoceno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil current state of the fossil record of Pleistocene reptiles and birds of Rio Grande do Sul ".

Combining fossil evidence ( Miller & Bowman, 1956 ) and paleobiogeographical considerations with the molecular data indicates that the Yellow-billed Magpie's ancestors became isolated in California quite soon after the ancestral magpies colonized North America ( which probably happened some 3-4 mya ) due to early ice ages and the ongoing uplift of the Sierra Nevada, but that during interglacials there occurred some gene flow between the Yellow-and Black-billed magpies until reproductive isolation was fully achieved in the Pleistocene.

Prehistoric icterid genera that have been described from Pleistocene fossil remains are Pandanaris from Rancho La Brea

A fossil species from the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene of Jalisco ( Mexico ) was described as Oxyura zapatanima

The fossil record from the Pleistocene of Europe includes a form similar to the Alpine Chough, and sometimes categorised as an extinct subspecies of that bird, and a prehistoric form of the Red-billed Chough, P. p. primigenius.

Only a very small number of fossil specimens are known, the oldest dating back to the Pleistocene, and no fossils belonging to other species from the same family have yet been discovered.

A species of fossil duck from the Late Pleistocene of Vero Beach, Florida, was described as Querquedula floridana ( a genus now included in Anas ), but upon reexamination turned out to be a species closely related to the Hooded Merganser ; it is now named Lophodytes floridanus, but the exact relationship between this bird and the modern species is unknown.

In fact, fossil finds in the 20th century have shown that B. mindorensis were once found on the northern Philippine island of Luzon during the Pleistocene Epoch.

More likely, they are an extinct species of Tadorna ( if not a distinct genus ) due to their Early Pliocene age ; the present species is not unequivocally attested from the fossil record until some 2-3 million years later ( Late Pliocene / Early Pleistocene ).

The Early Pleistocene B. validipes, whose fossil remains were discovered in Florida, might have been the ancestor of the Green Heron as the living species seems to replace the extinct relative in the fossil record.

The two living Mediterranean lineages had probably separated before the end of the Pliocene ( c. 2 mya ), as indicated by molecular differences and the Ibizan fossil Puffinus nestori from the Late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene, which may have been the direct ancestor of the present species ( Heidrich et al.

The mountain pygmy possum was first described as a Pleistocene fossil by Robert Broom in 1896.

By the late Pleistocene, two million years ago, the fossil evidence suggests that the Water Rail was present across most of its present range.

Brown bear remains from the Pleistocene period are common in the British Isles, where it is thought they outcompeted cave bears.

Diego Garcia is the above-water rim of a coral atoll composed of Holocene coral rubble and sand to the depth of about 36 metres ( 120 ft ), overlaying Pleistocene limestone deposited at the then-sea level on top of a seamount rising approximately 1, 800 metres ( 6, 000 ft ) from the floor of the Indian Ocean.

Along with many other members of a group of unusual species collectively called the " Australian megafauna ", it existed from approximately 1. 6 million years ago until extinction some 46, 000 years ago ( through most of the Pleistocene epoch ).

Homo habilis evolved in South and East Africa in the late Pliocene or early Pleistocene, 2. 5 – 2 Ma, when it diverged from the Australopithecines.

Between 400, 000 years ago and the second interglacial period in the Middle Pleistocene, around 250, 000 years ago, the trend in skull expansion and the elaboration of stone tool technologies developed, providing evidence for a transition from H. erectus to H. sapiens.

Around two million years ago the first of many continental glaciers of the Laurentide Ice Sheet moved southward from the Hudson Bay area, initiating the Pleistocene glaciation.

Spotted hyenas spread from their original homeland during the Middle Pleistocene, and quickly colonised a very wide area from Europe, to southern Africa and China.

The ongoing extinction seems more outstanding in light of separating recent extinctions ( approximately since the industrial revolution ) from the Pleistocene extinction near the end of the last glacial period.

Most scientists favor abrupt climate change as the catalyst for the extinction of the mega-fauna at the end of the Pleistocene, but there are many who believe increased hunting from early modern humans also played a part.

Homo habilis (, " handy-man ") is a species of the genus Homo, which lived from approximately 2. 33 to 1. 4 million years ago, during the Gelasian Pleistocene period.

The Common Kestrel's closest living relative is apparently the Nankeen or Australian Kestrel ( F. cenchroides ), which probably derived from ancestral Common Kestrels settling in Australia and adapting to local conditions less than one million years ago, during the Middle Pleistocene.

The remains of these birds, which presumably were the direct ancestors of the living F. t. tinnunculus ( and perhaps other subspecies ), are found throughout the then-unglaciated parts of Europe, from the Late Pliocene ( ELMA Villanyian / ICS Piacenzian, MN16 ) about 3 million years ago to the Middle Pleistocene Saalian glaciation which ended about 130. 000 years ago, when they finally gave way to birds indistinguishable from those living today.

Nine distinct eruptive centres from different geological ages, ranging from mid-Pliocene to Pleistocene, have contributed to the formation.

It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Hominins such as Australopithecines, 2. 6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10, 000 BP.

The Pleistocene () ( symbol P < sub > S </ sub >) is the geological epoch which lasted from about 2, 588, 000 to 11, 700 years ago, spanning the world's recent period of repeated glaciations.

The name Pleistocene is derived from the Greek ( pleistos " most ") and ( kainos " new ").

Polar bears are thought to have diverged from a population of brown bears that became isolated during a period of glaciation in the Pleistocene.

Ursus maritimus tyrannus — descended from Ursus arctos — became extinct during the Pleistocene.

The black and brown rats diverged from other Old World rats during the beginning of the Pleistocene in the forests of Asia.

However, the island comprises a number of discrete eruptive centers that range in age from mid-Pliocene to Pleistocene, these prevent any single model of the island's geological evolution.

Aside from recent deposits along river valleys, only two small fragments of Jurassic ( 140 to 190 million years ago ) sediment occur in Puttalam District, while a more extensive belt of Miocene ( 5 to 20 million years ago ) limestone is found along the northwest coast, overlain in many areas by Pleistocene ( 1 million years ago ) deposits.

One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late Pliocene, where previous to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the Pleistocene.