Improving this account deficit and tightening monetary policy, with focus on inflation, are priorities for the Polish government.

However, post-war resettlements from Poland's ethnically and religiously more diverse former eastern territories ( known in Polish as Kresy ) and the eastern parts of post-1945 Poland ( see Operation Vistula ) account for a comparatively large portion of Greek Catholics and Orthodox Christians of mostly Ukrainian and Lemko descent.

While Polish historians praised Gross for drawing attention to a topic which had received insufficient attention for a half-century, several historians criticized ‘ Neighbors ’ on the grounds that it included accounts which were uncorroborated, and that where conflicting testimonies existed, Gross had chosen that account which presented the Poles in the worst possible light.

The chronicle of Thietmar of Merseburg, who died in 1018, could have been regarded as the only contemporary and unbiased account of events, if it were not for the fact that Thietmar's data could have been supplied by Svyatopolk himself during his brief exile at the Polish court.

A newspaper account of the 1933 wedding of Polish president Ignacy Mościcki notes that toasts were made with 250-year-old wines, and goes on to say " The wine, if good, could only have been Essence of Tokay, and the centuries-old friendship between Poland and Hungary would seem to support this conclusion.

In 1957 a Polish anti-communist writer Józef Mackiewicz published Kontra, a narrative account of this event.

These have included the Polish composer Frédéric Chopin and the French writer and pioneering feminist George Sand ( who wrote a notable account of A Winter in Majorca, describing their 1838 – 39 visit and praising the island's natural beauty but criticizing what she perceived as the prejudice and vices of the natives ).

After the defeat of the Third Reich, large bundles of fake pounds ended up in the hands of the Jewish underground, which used the forged notes to buy equipment and to bring displaced persons to the Holy Land, among them Chaim Shurik, a Polish printer whose 20-page account of his counterfeiting days was written in Hebrew.

It was during that time that his pursuit of the retreating Swedes to Pomerania and Denmark ( 1658-1659 ), particularly his crossing with his entire army to the Danish isle of Alsen, was commemorated in the song of the Polish Napoleonic Legions that would eventually become the Polish national anthem, the " Dąbrowski's Mazurka ", with the words commemorating his marine excursion to the island of Als: It was only during the time of the Second Polish Republic when more modern, serious historical work begun analyzing his history that a less hagiographic account begun emerging ; Władysław Czapliński wrote that Czarniecki was " first and foremost a soldier ", and noted his faults such as brutality and greed.

While evaluating the size of the population of late medieval Poland, one should take into account the development of internal colonisation and the migration of Polish people to Red Ruthenia, Zips, Orava and Podlasia, whom Ukrainians called the " Mazury ", poor peasant migrants, chiefly from Mazowsze.

Education is free and compulsory to the age of fifteen ( 24 ; this was changed to " set by law " as unpractical in the education reform of 1970s ); citizens of Hungarian, Ukrainian, and Polish ethnicity are ensured " all opportunities and means for education in their mother tongue " ( 25 ; this was abolished and replaced by somewhat more detailed constitutional law on minorities 144 / 1968, which also took in account Germans and listed Rusyns as synonym to Ukrainians ).

In the following years, the historical discourse between Polish and Ukrainian researchers has often been based on historical stereotypes stemming from ethnic conflicts during the First World War and the interwar period, making it difficult to draw an objective account of bilateral Polish-Ukrainian relations during World War II.

* Kolyma ; the Land of Gold and Death A personal on-line account in nine chapters by Stanislaw J. Kowalski, a Polish prisoner in Kolyma, with numerous references

Namier was able to establish that Bonnet had been less than honest in his account, and concluded the debate in 1953 with words " The Polish offer, for what it was worth, was first torpedoed by Bonnet the statesman, and next obliterated by Bonnet the historian ".

The 1979 Polish film Sekret Enigmy ( The Enigma Secret ) is a generally fair, if superficial, account of the Cipher Bureau's story.

He is the author of several books, including Massacre At Katyn, an account of the Soviet massacre of Polish officers in the Katyn Forest during World War II, which he learned of during his tenure on a congressional committee investigating the atrocities.

Shortly after Mauritz of Saxony created a Polish Ulan regiment on account of the French king Louis XV.

If the Polish observatory is taken into account, Sněžka peaks at 1, 620 metres.

A 1980 study by the Historical Department at the Auschwitz State Museum ( later approved by the Polish government ), led by the Department chair, Franciszek Piper, revised very dramatically their ( widely held as grossly inflated ) figure of four million ( including a large number of non-Jewish Poles ) into one million ( mostly Jewish )— Hilberg's own original estimate for the death toll in Auschwitz ( though, Piper noted, this estimate fails to account for those not appearing in the records, especially those murdered immediately upon arrival ).

According to the Risāle-yi Tatar-i Leh ( trans: Message Concerning the Tatars of Poland, an account of the Lipka Tatars written for Süleyman the Magnificent by an anonymous Polish Muslim during a stay in Constantinople in 1557-8 on his way to Mecca ) there were 100 Lipka Tatar settlements with mosques in Poland.

In May 2009, Witold Gliński, a Polish WWII veteran living in the UK, came forward to claim that the story of Rawicz was true, but was actually an account of what happened to him, not Rawicz.

Major Sucharski, who survived the war but died in 1946, was promoted to the rank of generał brygady and given the highest Polish military award of Virtuti Militari, although he became a very controversial figure more recently as the previously-unknown account about his role in the battle were uncovered in the 1990s ( after the death of Captain Dąbrowski, as the other Polish officers vowed among themselves for their honor to not disclose in their lifetimes that their nominal commander was shell-shocked for the most of the battle ).

Variants of the name include: Alfonso ( Italian and Spanish ), Alfons ( Catalan, Dutch, German, Polish and Scandinavian ), Afonso ( Portuguese and Galician ), Affonso ( Ancient Portuguese ), Alphonse, Alfonse ( Italian, French and English ), Αλφόνσος Alphonsos ( Greek ), Alphonsus ( Latin ), Alphons ( Dutch ), Alfonsu in ( Leonese ), Alfonsas ( Lithuanian ).

* Sandra Croatian, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, Finnish, German, Icelandic, Latvian, Lithuanian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Serbian, Slovene, Swedish Polish

* Baltic Sea is used in English ; in the Baltic languages Latvian ( Baltijas jūra ) and Lithuanian ( Baltijos jūra ); in Latin ( Mare Balticum ) and the Romance languages French ( Mer Baltique ), Italian ( Mar Baltico ), Portuguese ( Mar Báltico ), Romanian ( Marea Baltică ) and Spanish ( Mar Báltico ); in Greek ( Βαλτική Θάλασσα ); in Albanian ( Deti Balltik ); in the Slavic languages Polish ( Morze Bałtyckie or Bałtyk ), Czech ( Baltské moře or Balt ), Croatian ( Baltičko more ), Slovenian ( Baltsko morje ), Bulgarian ( Baltijsko More ( Балтийско море ), Kashubian ( Bôłt ), Macedonian ( Балтичко Море / Baltičko More ), Ukrainian ( Балтійське море (" Baltijs ' ke More "), Belarusian ( Балтыйскае мора (" Baltyjskaje Mora "), Russian ( Балтийское море (" Baltiyskoye Morye ") and Serbian ( Балтичко море / Baltičko more ); in the Hungarian language ( Balti-tenger ); and also in Basque ( Itsaso Baltikoa )

Lesser migrations of Scandinavians, Portuguese, Greeks, Italians, Spanish, Polish, Scots, English, Jews, Russians and Irish immigrants also contributed to this ethnic mix.

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Cavalry or mounted gendarmerie units continue to be maintained for purely or primarily ceremonial purposes by the United States, British, French, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Dutch, Chilean, Portuguese, Moroccan, Nepalese, Nigerian, Venezuelan, Brazilian, Peruvian, Paraguayan, Polish, Argentine, Senegalese, Jordanian, Pakistani, Indian, Spanish and Bulgarian armed forces.

The anti-torpedo boat origin of this type of ship is retained in its name in other languages, including French ( contre-torpilleur ), Italian ( cacciatorpediniere ), Portuguese ( contratorpedeiro ), Polish ( kontrtorpedowiec ), Czech ( torpédoborec ), Greek ( antitorpiliko, αντιτορπιλικό ), and Dutch ( torpedobootjager ).

For example, the words preservative ( English ), préservatif ( French ), Präservativ ( German ), prezervativ ( Romanian, Czech, Croatian ), preservativ ( Slovenian ), preservativo ( Italian, Spanish, Portuguese ), prezerwatywa ( Polish ), презерватив " prezervativ " ( Russian, Serbian, Bulgarian ), prezervatif ( Turkish ), præservativ ( Danish ), prezervatyvas ( Lithuanian ), Prezervatīvs ( Latvian ) and preservatiu ( Catalan ) are all derived from the Latin word praeservativum.

It is widely used in the Afrikaans, Catalan, Czech, Hungarian, Polish, French, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Bahasa Indonesia, Scandinavian and German languages, with the same meaning.

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

By the end of his life, he could converse in English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Latin, Russian, Arabic, and Turkish as well as German.

In Turkish, Bulgarian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Lithuanian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Sallan, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish and Swedish the order is reversed ; the amount is followed by a fixed space and the ISO 4217 code:

Portuguese and Polish minorities.

A similar process happened during the development of many languages, including Brazilian Portuguese, Old French, and Polish, in all three of these resulting in or, whence Modern French sauce as compared with Spanish salsa, or Polish Wisła ( pronounced ) as compared with English Vistula.

Whilst the English term resembles the French marbre, most other European languages ( e. g. Spanish mármol, Italian marmo, Portuguese mármore, German, Norwegian, Danish and Swedish marmor, Armenian marmar, Dutch marmer, Polish marmur, Turkish mermer, Czech mramor and Russian мрáмор ) follow the original Greek.

Risus itself has been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, German, French, Danish, Dutch, Croatian, Czech, Polish, and Norwegian.

In European languages other than English the corresponding words for " sect ", such as secte ( French ), secta ( Spanish ), seita ( Portuguese ), sekta ( Polish, Czech, Slovak, Croatian, Serbian ), sekt ( Danish, Estonian, Norwegian, Swedish ), sekte ( Dutch ), Sekte ( German ) or szekta ( Hungarian ), are used sometimes to refer to a harmful religious or political sect, similar to how English-speakers popularly use the word " cult ".

Today, Scientific American publishes 18 foreign-language editions around the globe: Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian ( discontinued after 15 issues ), Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.

Albanian, Arabic, Assyrian ( VSO and VOS are also followed, depending on the person ), Berber, Bulgarian, Chinese, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Italian, Ganda, Greek, Hausa, Hebrew, Javanese, Kashmiri, Khmer, Latvian, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Quiche, Rotuman, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Vietnamese, Yoruba and Zulu are examples of languages that can follow an SVO pattern.

Other languages spell the letter's name in a similar way: zeta in Italian, Spanish and Icelandic, zäta in Swedish, zet in Dutch, Polish, Romanian and Czech, zæt in Danish, zett in Norwegian and German, zède in French, and zê in Portuguese.

Variations include the German " Angelsachsen ", French " Anglo-Saxon ", Spanish " anglosajón ", Portuguese " anglo-saxão ", Polish " anglo-saksoński ", Italian " anglosassone ", Catalan " anglosaxó ", Japanese " Angurosakuson " and Ukrainian " aнглосакси " ( anhlosaksy ).

The French azur, the Italian, the Polish lazur and the Spanish and Portuguese are cognates.