The rebels are defeated by the Eastern Roman army under John the Scythian and John the Hunchback in the Battle of Cotyaeum ( subordinate commanders including the future Justin I ).

Seeking to fight with the Scythians, Darius's army chased the Scythian army deep into Scythian lands, where there were no cities to conquer and no supplies to forage.

However, the Scythian army was defeated by Alexander at the Battle of Jaxartes.

Zeno sent an army including both Romans and Ostrogoths under John the Scythian which managed to defeat them.

Tiridates, who was proclaimed king, could no longer maintain himself, because he appeared to be a vassal of the Romans ; Artabanus returned from Hyrcania with a strong army of Scythian ( Dahan ) auxiliaries, and was again acknowledged by the Parthians.

Artabanus soon returned from Hyrcania with a strong army of Scythian ( Dahan ) auxiliaries, and was again acknowledged by the Parthians.

He used massed artillery to fire across a river at a Scythian army, causing it to vacate the opposite river bank, thus allowing the Macedonian troops to cross and form a bridgehead.

It has been suggested that Maues may have been a Scythian general hired by the Indo-Greeks, who would have briefly seized power, before the Indo-Greeks managed to take it back (" Crossroads of Asia ").

" Thereupon the Scythian replied, " Then it is necessary for you, being at home, to make friends with me.

On this anchorage, being the best sheltered within the maritime region of Sweden ( Suevoniae ), all the ships belonging to Danes ( Danorum ) known as Norwegians ( Nortmannorum ) as well as to Slavs ( Sclavorum ), Sembrians ( Semborum ) and other Scythian ( Scithiae ) peoples use to convene every year for sundry necessary commerce.

In publications of 1647 and 1654, Marcus van Boxhorn first described a rigid methodology for historical linguistic comparisons and proposed the existence of an Indo-European proto-language ( which he called " Scythian ") unrelated to Hebrew, but ancestral to Germanic, Greek, Romance, Persian, Sanskrit, Slavic, Celtic and Baltic languages.

( The Scythian and Sarmatian bows, used for centuries on the European steppes until the arrival of the Huns, had no such laths.

In Athens, a group of 300 Scythian slaves ( the, " rod-bearers ") was used to guard public meetings to keep order and for crowd control, and also assisted with dealing with criminals, handling prisoners, and making arrests.

Prokofiev's first major success breaking out of the composer-pianist mould was with his purely orchestral Scythian Suite, compiled from music originally composed for a ballet commissioned by Sergei Diaghilev of the Ballets Russes ; Diaghilev commissioned three further ballets from Prokofiev – Chout, Le pas d ' acier and The Prodigal Son – which at the time of their original production were all highly successful.

* Dionysius Exiguus, Scythian theologian-mathematician, inaugurates at Rome the practice of using A. D. ( Anno Domini ) for calender dates after the birth of Jesus Christ ( who is actually born in 7 B. C.

8. 4 ) how Alans ( whom he calls a " Scythian " tribe ) living near the Sea of Azov, crossed the Iron Gates for plunder and defeated the armies of Pacorus, king of Media, and Tiridates, King of Armenia, two brothers of Vologeses I ( for whom the above-mentioned inscription was made ):

The Tierwirbel ( the German for " animal whorl " or " whirl of animals ") is a characteristic motive in Bronze Age Central Asia, the Eurasian Steppe, and later also in Iron Age Scythian and European ( Baltic and Germanic ) culture, showing rotational symmetric arrangement of an animal motive, often four birds ' heads.

Click on the image for a larger viewThe battle of Naissus came about as a result of two massive invasions of " Scythian " tribes ( as our sources anachronistically call them ) into Roman territory between 267 and 269.

Oswald Szemerényi devotes a thorough discussion to the etymologies of ancient ethnic words for the Scythians in his work " Four old Iranian ethnic names: Scythian – Skudra – Sogdian – Saka ".

In it the names of Herodotus and the names of his title, except Saka, as well as many other words for " Scythian ," such as Assyrian Aškuz and Greek Skuthēs, descend from * skeud -, an ancient Indo-European root meaning " propel, shoot " ( cf.

The rich burials of Scythian kings in ( kurgans ) is independent evidence for the existence of this powerful royal elite.

Scythian élites had kurgan tombs: high barrows heaped over chamber-tombs of larch-wood – a deciduous conifer that may have had special significance as a tree of life-renewal, for it stands bare in winter.

In 2000, the touring exhibition ' Scythian Gold ' introduced the North American public to the objects made for Scythian nomads by Greek craftsmen north of the Black Sea, and buried with their Scythian owners under burial mounds on the flat plains of present-day Ukraine, most of them unearthed after 1980.

In 2001, the discovery of an undisturbed royal Scythian burial-barrow illustrated for the first time Scythian animal-style gold that lacks the direct influence of Greek styles.

Scythian warriors could also have served as mercenaries for the various kingdoms of ancient China.

It is likely that certain peoples included under the " Scythian " umbrella term spoke other languages ; for example, the Meotians ( Sindi ), had adopted Indo-Aryan dialects.

For centuries, the plant has grown wild along the banks of the River Volga, for which the ancient Scythian hydronym was Rhā.

In addition to being credited for pithy sayings, the wise men were also apparently famed for practical inventions ; in Plato's Republic ( 600a ), it is said that it " befits a wise man " to have " many inventions and useful devices in the crafts or sciences " attributed to him, citing Thales and Anacharsis the Scythian as examples.

According to Herodotus, when Anacharsis ( 6th century BCE ) returned to Scythia after traveling and acquiring knowledge among the Greeks, his brother, the Scythian King, put him to death for joining Cybele's cult.

After the death of Mithridates II of Parthia in 88 BCE, Tigranes took advantage of the fact that the Parthian Empire had been weakened by Scythian invasions and internal squabbling:

Ctesias, in his Persica, has the longest account, which says Cyrus met his death while putting down resistance from the Derbices infantry, aided by other Scythian archers and cavalry, plus Indians and their elephants.

* Book 6: End of war against Normans ( 1085 ), death of Robert Guiscard, the Turks ( Alexius recaptures Kastoria-Persecution of Manicheans ( Paulicians )- Alexius in front of the Church Court — Conspiracy and revolt — The alliance with Venice-Death of Guiscard — Persecution of wizards and astrologers — Births of porphyrogenitoi-Alexius against the Turks-The Scythian threat ( Pechenegs ))

The Scythian hold of Gandhara loosened after the death of Maues, and petty kings of mixed or uncertain origin, like Artemidorus the son of Maues, Telephus and perhaps Menander II emerged in the area.

Strabo ( c. 63 BC –- 24 AD ) reports that King Ateas united under his power the Scythian tribes living between the Maeotian marshes and the Danube.

The vast fortified settlement of Kamenka on the Dnieper River, settled since the end of the 5th century BC, became the centre of the Scythian kingdom ruled by Ateas, who lost his life in a battle against Philip II of Macedon in 339 BC.

The cavalry prospered under this command, showing itself equal to learning new tactics, necessary against Scythian nomads, and to counter-insurgency measures such as those deployed in the spring of 328 BC.

In 315 BC, he joined Cassander, Ptolemy I Soter and Seleucus I Nicator against Antigonus I Monophthalmus, who, however, diverted his attention by stirring up Thracian and Scythian tribes against him.

* Julius Martialis, joined the conspiracy against the emperor Caracalla, whom he killed with his own hand, before being slain by the emperor's Scythian guards.

Legio quarta Scythica ( Fourth Scythian Legion ) was a Roman legion levied by Mark Antony around 42 BC, for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence its other cognomen, Parthica.

Agathyrsi appear in the description of the great nomadic Scythian empire of the sixth century BC and in the elaborately recounted the expedition ( 516-513 BC ) of Darius I of Persia ( 522-486 BC ) against the Scythians in the N. Pontic.

The Agathyrsi refused to join in a fight against the Persians unless directly provoked — highlighting the autonomy and voluntary association of the members of the Scythian confederation.

Although the extent of their successes against indigenous powers such as the Sungas, Satavahanas, and Kalingas are unclear, what is clear is that Scythian tribes, renamed Indo-Scythians, brought about the demise of the Indo-Greeks from around 70 BCE and retained lands in the trans-Indus, the region of Mathura, and Gujarat.

Paerisades was killed by a Scythian named Saumacus who led a rebellion against him.

The Arsacid emperor Mithridates II ( c 123 – 88 / 87 BCE ) had scored many successes against the Scythians and added many provinces to the Parthian empire, and apparently the Scythian hordes that came from Bactria were also conquered by him.

It would have formed a bastion for the Greek settlers against the Scythian tribes to the north of the Syr Darya, which the Greeks called the Jaxartes River.

* Book 8: End of Scythian war ( 1091 ), plots against the Emperor ( Hostilities continuing-Crushing of Scythians at Levunium-Final success — Conspiracies and revolts )

Hippostratos seems to have fought rather successfully against the Indo-Scythian invaders, led by the Scythian king Azes I, but was ultimately defeated and became the last western Indo-Greek king.

He fell in Artaxerxes ' war against the Cadusii in 385 BC, and was succeeded in his satrapy by his son by a Scythian or Paphlagonian mother.

He was slain by a Scythian named Saumacus who led a rebellion against him.