The paired swastika symbols are included, at least since the Liao Dynasty, as part of the Chinese writing system ( 卍 and 卐 ) and are variant characters for 萬 or 万 ( wàn in Mandarin, man in Korean, Cantonese and Japanese, vạn in Vietnamese ) meaning " all " or " eternity " ( lit.

* One shouldn't give these presents to others: clock or watch ( the recipient's time is going to pass ), cats ( mèo in Vietnamese language pronounced like nghèo, poverty ), medicine ( the receiver will get ill ), cuttle fish ( its ink is black, an unlucky colour ), writing ink ( for the same reason ), scissors or knives ( they bring incompatibility ).

Lê made a brief, secret visit to South Vietnam in 1958, writing a report, The Path to Revolution in the South, in which he stated that the North Vietnamese had to do more to assist the southern communists against the South Vietnamese government.

Noted Trần Dynasty accomplishments include the creation of a system of population records based at the village level, the compilation of a formal 30-volume history of Đại Việt ( Đại Việt Sử Ký ) by Lê Văn Hưu, and the rising in status of the Nôm script, a system of writing for Vietnamese language.

Initially, Chinese was used for writing purposes, but by the 13th century, a set of derivative characters known as Chữ Nôm emerged that allowed native Vietnamese words to be written.

These languages all have a shared characteristic: Their writing systems all completely or partly use Chinese characters — Hànzì in Chinese, kanji in Japanese, hanja in Korean, and Hán tự in Vietnamese.

* Languages which have been greatly influenced by Classical Chinese and the Chinese writing system, in particular Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese ( also known as CJKV ).

The Old Zhuang script, Sawndip, is a Chinese character – based system of writing, similar to Vietnamese chữ nôm: some sawndip logograms were borrowed directly from Han characters, while others were original characters made up from the components of Chinese characters.

Ho Chi Minh, back in direct activity in the Vietnamese movement, was responsible for brokering the peace between the warring factions as well as writing the initial manifesto and statement of tactics of the group.

The Vietnamese alphabet (; literally national language ) is the modern writing system for the Vietnamese language.

Vietnamese Quoted-Readable ( usually abbreviated VIQR ), also known as Vietnet, is a convention for writing Vietnamese using ASCII characters.

Nguyễn Du ( 1765 – 1820, pennames Tố Như and Thanh Hiên ) is a celebrated Vietnamese poet who wrote in Chữ Nôm, the ancient writing script of Việt Nam.

Category: Vietnamese writing systems

Rhodes devised the quoc ngu system of writing in roman letters, rather than Chinese characters for the Vietnamese language.

* Telex ( IME ), a convention for writing Vietnamese using ASCII characters commonly found on computer keyboard layouts

In the past, with literacy in the old character-based writing systems of Vietnam being restricted to scholars and elites, calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in Vietnamese life.

She wrote poetry using Chữ Nôm ( Southern Script ), which adapts Chinese characters for writing demotic Vietnamese.

Van Nghi's brother was director of the Institute of Traditional Medicine in Hanoi, and through him, Van Nghi had access to the North Vietnamese teaching text Trung Y Hoc ( Studies of Chinese Medicine ) and teaching materials from Beijing and Nanjing which explain the strong TCM flavor of much of his ( especially later ) writing.

For many years, it was believed that the oldest surviving piece of Vietnamese writing was a stone inscription dating from 1343 in which Chinese characters were used to represent the names of some 20 villages.

The first piece of literary writing in Vietnamese appeared in 1282, when the then Minister of Justice Nguyễn Thuyên composed a charm in verse that was thrown into the Red River to chase away a crocodile.

The book included English translations and versions in both the current Vietnamese alphabet and the historical Chữ Nôm writing system.

In Vietnamese, " vạn tuế " is the phrase cognate to the Chinese wàn suì and is the proper Vietnamese reading of the hán tự " 萬歲 ".

The name Tonkin, written " 東京 " in Hán tự characters and Đông Kinh in romanised Vietnamese, means " Eastern Capital ", and is the former toponym for Hanoi, the present capital of Vietnam.

They are known as Hanzi in Chinese, Kanji in Japanese, Hanja in Korean, and Hán tự in Vietnamese.

Hán tự ( 漢字, meaning " Chinese character ") or chữ Hán, chữ Nho (,, formal writings were, in most cases, done in classical Chinese, while Vietnamese was used only for recording literature.

The use of classical Chinese, and its written form, Hán tự, died out in Vietnam during the 20th century, after the French colonization and Vietnamese independence.

A system of modified and invented characters modeled loosely on Chinese characters called chữ Nôm, which, unlike the system of Hán tự, allowed for the expression of purely Vietnamese words, was created in Vietnam at least as early as the 13th century.

Hán tự is still written by calligraphers for special occasions such as the Vietnamese New Year, Tết.

Emperor Hàm Nghi ( Hán tự: 咸宜帝 ); ( born Nguyễn Phúc Ưng Lịch, 22 July 1872 ( at the " Purple Forbidden City " of Huế ) – died 14 January 1943 ), was the eighth Emperor of the Vietnamese Nguyễn Dynasty.

Thi ( Quốc ngữ: Thị ; Hán tự: 氏 ) is a Vietnamese name, usually given as a middle name to females.

Although the name is believed to derive from the Khmer language, it was formerly written in Hán tự characters in official Vietnamese records as 茶榮.

The Lý Dynasty (,, like Lee ; Hán tự: 李朝, Lý Triều ), sometimes known as the Later Lý Dynasty ( nhà Hậu Lý, ), was a Vietnamese dynasty that began in 1009 when Lý Thái Tổ overthrew the Prior Lê Dynasty ( nhà Tiền Lê ) and ended in 1225 when the queen Lý Chiêu Hoàng ( then 8 years old ) was forced to abdicate the throne in favor of her husband, Trần Cảnh.

The most common family names among the Vietnamese are the following ( the Chinese characters following each name are Hán tự ).

It makes use of Chinese characters ; known as Hán tự or Hán Nôm () in Vietnamese, as well as other characters coined following the Chinese model.

Tết in the three Vietnamese regions can be divided into three periods, known as Tất Niên ( Before New Year's Eve ), Giao Thừa ( New Year's Eve ), and Tân Niên ( the New Year ), representing the preparation before Tết, the eve of Tết, and the days of and following Tết, respectively.

Meanwhile, in preparation for the arrival of 1 ATF, the population of the fortified Viet Cong village of Long Tan were forcibly removed, with the approximately 1, 000 inhabitants resettled nearby and the village destroyed by South Vietnamese forces.

In the spring of 1975, the 1st Marines provided primary support to the Marine Corps Base at Camp Pendleton for preparation of a camp to house Vietnamese refugees during Operation New Arrivals.

This is the case for Vietnamese ( a true alphabet ) and Thai ( an abugida ).

* 1975 – General Cao Van Vien, chief of the South Vietnamese military, departs for the US as the North Vietnamese Army closed in on victory.

Vietnamese academic and journalist Doan Viet Hoat was nicknamed " the Sakharov of Vietnam " for his criticism of Vietnam's communist leadership and his subsequent imprisonment.

) In Vietnamese cuisine, jellies made of flavored layers of agar agar, called thạch, are a popular dessert, and are often made in ornate molds for special occasions.

Khmers are persecuted by the Vietnamese government for using their native language and, since the 1950s, have been forced to take Vietnamese names.

It generally has been influenced by Vietnamese for three centuries and accordingly displays a pronounced accent, tendency toward monosyllablic words and lexical differences from the standard.

By the mid-1960s, parts of Cambodia's eastern provinces were serving as bases for North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong ( NVA / VC ) forces operating against South Vietnam, and the port of Sihanoukville was being used to supply them.

The US had already been bombing Vietnamese positions in Cambodia for well over a year by that point.

" When Congress, in the summer of 1973, legislated an end to U. S. military action in, over, or off the shores of Indochina, the only U. S. military activity then going on was air support of a friendly Cambodian government and army desperately defending their country against a North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge onslaught ... What destabilized Cambodia was North Vietnam's occupation of chunks of Cambodian territory from 1965 onwards for use as military bases from which to launch attacks on U. S. and South Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam.

The Siege of the Alcázar in the Spanish Civil War, in which the Nationalists held out against a much larger Republican force for two months until relieved, shows that in some cases a citadel can be effective even in modern warfare ; a similar case is the Battle of Huế, where an NVA division held the citadel of Huế for 26 days against roughly their own numbers of much better-equipped US and South Vietnamese troops.

In 1983, Cork Graham and Richard Knight went looking for Captain Kidd's buried treasure off the Vietnamese island of Phú Quốc.

:* Vietnamese uses the horn diacritic for the letters ơ and ư ; the circumflex for the letters â, ê, and ô ; the breve for the letter ă ; and a bar through the letter đ.

In East Asia, the translation for dharma is 法, pronounced fǎ in Mandarin, beop in Korean, hō in Japanese, and pháp in Vietnamese.

* Dong ( name ), Vietnamese for the season of winter

* Lá dong, Vietnamese for a type of prayer-plant ( Phrynium placentarium )

It is used as a marinade for Vietnamese broiled chicken.

Communist leaders like Mao Zedong and North Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh both implemented guerrilla warfare giving it a theoretical frame which served as a model for similar strategies elsewhere, such as the Cuban " foco " theory and the anti-Soviet Mujahadeen in Afghanistan.

By contrast, the U. S. admitted more than 100, 000 Vietnamese refugees for resettlement during the Vietnam War.

* 1968 – Vietnam War: South Vietnamese opposition leader Truong Dinh Dzu is sentenced to five years hard labor for advocating the formation of a coalition government as a way to move toward an end to the war.