Most have slightly abnormal liver function tests such as a raised aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase and bilirubin level.

Usually, these changes reflect a cholestatic pattern and include an elevated alkaline phosphatase level ; the bilirubin and aminotransferases are only mildly elevated.

Gilbert's syndrome produces an elevated level of unconjugated bilirubin in the bloodstream but normally has no serious consequences.

The level of total bilirubin is often further increased if the blood sample is taken after fasting for two days, and a fast can therefore be useful diagnostically.

Lab findings of a liver rejection include abnormal AST, ALT, GGT and liver function values such as prothrombin time, ammonia level, bilirubin level, albumin concentration, and blood glucose.

Liver GVHD is measured by the bilirubin level in acute patients.

## increased bilirubin level ( mainly indirect-reacting ) with jaundice

* The level of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood is elevated.

The serum bilirubin level is an indicator of the prognosis of primary biliary cirrhosis, with levels of 2 – 6 mg / dL having a mean survival time of 4. 1 years, 6 – 10 mg / dL having 2. 1 years and those above 10 mg / dL having a mean survival time of 1. 4 years.

Kornberg had a mildly elevated level of bilirubin in his blood — jaundice due to a hereditary genetic condition known as Gilbert's syndrome — and while at medical school he took a survey of fellow students to discover how common the condition was.

In neonates the dermal icterus is first noted in the face and as the bilirubin level rises proceeds caudal to the trunk and then to the extremities.

One such rule of thumb includes infants whose jaundice is restricted to the face and part of the trunk above the umbilicus, have the bilirubin less than 204 umol / l ( 12 mg / dL ) ( less dangerous level ).

Infants whose palms and soles are yellow, have serum bilirubin level over 255 umol / l ( 15 mg / dL ) ( more serious level ).

# Increases in the level of total bilirubin by more than 8. 5 umol / l ( 0. 5 mg / dL ) per hour or ( 85 umol / l ) 5 mg / dL per 24 hours.

The results indicated a much lower level of bilirubin than expected based on the patient's visible jaundice.

After 6 hours, there was a significant change in bilirubin level in the white light group but not the dark room group.

It took 48 hours to record a change in the dark room group ’ s bilirubin level.

However, Gilbert's syndrome can arise without TATA box promoter polymorphic mutations ; in some populations, particularly healthy southeast and east Asians, Gilbert's syndrome is more often a consequence of heterozygote missense mutations ( such as Gly71Arg also known as UGT1A1 * 6, Tyr486Asp also known as UGT1A1 * 7, Pro364Leu also known as UGT1A1 * 73 ) in the actual gene coding region, which may be associated with significantly higher bilirubin levels.

UDP-glucuronate is used to conjugate bilirubin to a more water-soluble bilirubin diglucuronide.

The treatment for two consecutive days for more than four hours significantly improved serum levels of conjugated bilirubin, bile acids, ammonia, cholinesterase, creatinine, urea and blood pH.

# Total bilirubin more than 331. 5 umol / l ( 19. 5 mg / dL ) ( hyperbilirubinemia ).

# Direct bilirubin more than 34 umol / l ( 2. 0 mg / dL ).

In phototherapy, blue light is typically used because it is more effective at breaking down bilirubin ( Amato, Inaebnit, 1991 ).

This beneficial effect was attributed to bilirubin IXα which is recognised as a potent antioxidant, rather than confounding factors such as high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) levels.

People with GS predominantly have elevated unconjugated bilirubin, while conjugated bilirubin is usually within the normal range and is less than 20 % of the total.

GS patients will have a ratio of unconjugated / conjugated ( indirect / direct ) bilirubin that is commensurately higher than those without GS.

However, SPAD enabled a significantly greater bilirubin reduction than MARS.

However any newborn with a total serum bilirubin greater than 359 umol / l ( 21 mg / dL ) should receive phototherapy.

It should however be used for any newborn with a total serum bilirubin of greater than 428 umol / l ( 25 mg / dL ).

# Term infants-jaundice lasts for about 10 days with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 204 umol / l ( 12 mg / dL ).

# Preterm infants-jaundice lasts for about two weeks, with a rapid rise of serum bilirubin up to 255 umol / l ( 15 mg / dL ).

Concentration of bilirubin in blood plasma does not normally exceed 1 mg / dL (> 17µmol / L ).

** total serum bilirubin ≥ 4 mg / dl, OR

The parameters measured include PT / INR, aPTT, albumin, bilirubin ( direct and indirect ) and others.

Specifically, people with mildly elevated levels of bilirubin ( 1. 1 mg / dl to 2. 7 mg / dl ) were at lower risk for CAD and at lower risk for future heart disease.

Moderately elevated levels of bilirubin in people with GS and the ( TA )< sub > 7 </ sub >/( TA )< sub > 7 </ sub > genotype was associated with 1 / 3 the risk for both coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease as compared to those with the ( TA )< sub > 6 </ sub >/( TA )< sub > 6 </ sub > genotype ( i. e. a normal, non-mutated gene locus ).

Levels of bilirubin in GS patients are reported to be from 20 μM to 90 μM ( 1. 2 to 5. 3 mg / dL ) compared to the normal amount of < 20 μM.

Complications of HDN could include kernicterus, hepatosplenomegaly, inspissated ( thickened or dried ) bile syndrome and / or greenish staining of the teeth, hemolytic anemia and damage to the liver due to excess bilirubin.

* Severe neonatal jaundice ( bilirubin over 30 milligrams / deciliter ).

Gilbert's syndrome (), often shortened to GS, also called Gilbert-Meulengracht syndrome, is the most common hereditary cause of increased bilirubin and is found in up to 5 % of the population ( though some gastroenterologists maintain that it is closer to 10 %).

* Gilbert's syndrome, a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism found in about 5 % of the population, can cause mild jaundice.

About half of the conjugated bilirubin remaining in the large intestine ( about 5 % of what was originally secreted ) is metabolised by colonic bacteria to urobilinogen, which is then further oxidized to urobilin and stercobilin.

After 15 ± 5 the levels of bilirubin, a yellowish bile pigment that in excessive amounts causes jaundice, were decreased down to 0. 27 ± 0. 25 mg / dl / h in the blue light.