Although the Af calculation is obvious by analogy with that for gravitational field and osmotic pressure, it is interesting to confirm it by a method which can be generalized to include related effects.

Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning.

" For some people, a program is only an algorithm if it stops eventually ; for others, a program is only an algorithm if it stops before a given number of calculation steps.

There are typically three mathematical forms for the radial functions R ( r ) which can be chosen as a starting point for the calculation of the properties of atoms and molecules with many electrons.

The 1976 definition of the astronomical unit was incomplete, in particular because it does not specify the frame of reference in which time is to be measured, but proved practical for the calculation of ephemerides: a fuller definition that is consistent with general relativity was proposed, and " vigorous debate " ensued until in August 2012 the International Astronomical Union adopted the current definition of 1 astronomical unit = 149597870700 meters.

A Hebrew treatise on computational astronomy dated to AD 1378 / 79, alludes to the Atlantis myth in a discussion concerning the determination of zero points for the calculation of longitude:

All these phenomena, molecular absorption and radiation scattering, can result in artificially high absorption and an improperly high ( erroneous ) calculation for the concentration or mass of the analyte in the sample.

This calculation also includes an allowance for light-time correction, and is therefore analogous to the concept of planetary aberration.

This equation is incorrect for the calculation of drag in most cases.

* The ANS key on some graphing calculators, used as a shortcut for inputting the result ( answer ) of the previous calculation

Sacrifice bunts ( sacrifice hits since 1954 ), which would lower a batter's on-base percentage, are not included in the calculation for on-base percentage, as bunting is an offensive strategy – often dictated by the manager – the use of which does not necessarily reflect on the batter's ability and should not be used to penalize him.

Since the focus of his book was calculation, Bede gave instructions for computing the date of Easter and the related time of the Easter Full Moon, for calculating the motion of the Sun and Moon through the zodiac, and for many other calculations related to the calendar.

Share options for management of converting societies appear to be a powerful factor in management calculation.

The calculation of the Roulette house edge was a trivial exercise ; for other games, this is not usually the case.

However, calculating for Easter Sunday is difficult because the calculation depends on the full moon cycle.

So, this makes an additional calculation necessary on top of the normal calculation for January 1 and the calculation of whether or not the year is a leap year.

Using this population density as a base for calculation, and allotting 10 % of food towards surplus for trade and assuming that city dwellers do no farming, he calculates that " in order to maintain a city with a population of 1, 000, and without taking the cost of transportation into account, an area of 100, 000 square kilometers would have been required.

In addition, there are several different kinds of calculations for central tendency, where the kind of calculation depends on the type of data ( level of measurement ).

Many types of calculations ( known as post-Hartree – Fock methods ) begin with a Hartree – Fock calculation and subsequently correct for electron – electron repulsion, referred to also as electronic correlation.

As noted in the book Huai Nan Zu, in the 2nd Century BC Chinese astronomers effectively inverted Eratosthenes ' calculation of the curvature of the Earth to calculate the height of the sun above the earth.

The travelers ' final calculation is in complete agreement with the calculations of those on Earth, though they experience the trip quite differently from those who stay at home.

For the calculation of ephemerides, TDB was officially recommended to replace ET, but deficiencies were found in the definition of TDB ( though not affecting T < sub > eph </ sub >), and these led to the IAU defining and recommending further time scales, Barycentric Coordinate Time ( TCB ) for use in the solar system as a whole, and Geocentric Coordinate Time ( TCG ) for use in the vicinity of the Earth.

Newtonian physics demonstrates sufficiency for most activities on Earth, but produced a calculation more than ten feet in error when applied to NASA's moon landings, whereas general relativity calculations were precise for that application.

Many sources claim that the fabled Well of Erastothenes, famous for the calculation of the circumference of Earth by Eratosthenes, was located on the island.

A calculation before the event gave a predicted speed of six times Earth escape velocity, but the calculation is unlikely to have been accurate.

He was involved in the calculation of the diameter of the Earth by the measurement of the meridian arc length together with a team of scientists under the patronage of al-Ma ' mūn in Baghdad.

He has discovered numerous asteroids, particularly near-Earth asteroids, including, which briefly created a stir in the news media when a preliminary orbit calculation indicated the possibility of Earth impact in 2028 ; further observations led to a more accurate orbit, which disproved the impact.

Stephen Hawking also said in chapter 6 of his Brief History of Time that physicist John Archibald Wheeler once calculated that a very powerful hydrogen bomb using all the deuterium in all the water on Earth could also generate such a black hole, but Hawking does not provide this calculation or any reference to it to support this assertion.

The calculation of the amplitude is complicated, but a crude estimate may be derived by multiplying the Earth ’ s orbital radius of

The exceptionally long observation period allowed an unusually precise orbit calculation, and the asteroid was determined to have a small chance of colliding with the Earth.

If in any one calculation Ptolemy had had to invoke 83 epicycles all at once, while Copernicus never required more than one third this number, then ( in the sense obvious to Margenau ) Ptolemaic astronomy would be simpler than Copernican.

Whenever any result is sought by its aid, the question will then arise — By what course of calculation can these results be arrived at by the machine in the shortest time?

This established the existence of the phenomenon of aberration beyond all doubt, and also allowed Bradley to formulate a set of rules that would allow the calculation of the effect on any given star at a specified date.

Since the runner would now have been at second anyway, the passed ball no longer has any impact on the earned / unearned calculation.

This rule simplifies the calculation of winnings: a maximum pass odds bet on a 3-4-5X table will always be paid at six times the pass line bet regardless of the point.

The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon, and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries who celebrate national holidays at Easter.

Marcus Junkelmann disputes Ville's calculation for average age at death ; the majority would have received no headstone, and would have died early in their careers, at 18 – 25 years of age.

where TH is the time horizon over which the calculation is considered ; a < sub > x </ sub > is the radiative efficiency due to a unit increase in atmospheric abundance of the substance ( i. e., Wm < sup >− 2 </ sup > kg < sup >− 1 </ sup >) and is the time-dependent decay in abundance of the substance following an instantaneous release of it at time t = 0.

Detailed calculation of the efficiency of a hydropower turbine will account for the head lost due to flow friction in the power canal or penstock, rise in tail water level due to flow, the location of the plant and effect of varying gravity, the temperature and barometric pressure of the air, the density of the water at ambient temperature, and the altitudes above sea level of the forebay and tailbay.

Hawking's calculation fixed the constant of proportionality at 1 / 4 ; the entropy of a black hole is one quarter its horizon area in Planck units.

Geometric arrangement for Fresnel's calculation Consider the case of a point source located at a point P < sub > 0 </ sub >, vibrating at a frequency f. The disturbance may be described by a complex variable U < sub > 0 </ sub > known as the complex amplitude.

The initial clock rate of the 80186 was 6 MHz, but due to more hardware available for the microcode to use, especially for address calculation, many individual instructions ran faster than on an 8086 at the same clock frequency.

It is common to normalize it to 1 at the starting point of calculation for simplification.

The horizontal resolution of the plot fails to make clear that the maxima of the curves are not at 45 ° but calculation shows that they are within a few arc minutes of 45 °.

A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation.

It adds the contents of the given register ( if non-zero ) to the offset ; then, if the indirect bit is 1, fetches the word at the calculated address and repeats the effective address calculation until an effective address with a zero indirect bit is reached.

The calculation ends with measurement of all the states, collapsing each qubit into one of the two pure states, so the outcome can be at most classical bits of information.

Other standard iterative methods for matrix equation solutions can also be used, for example the Gauss – Seidel method, where updated values for each patch are used in the calculation as soon as they are computed, rather than all being updated synchronously at the end of each sweep.

Our calculation of the amount of element 43 required to produce their spectrum is quite similar to the direct measurements of natural technetium abundance in uranium ore published in 1999 by Dave Curtis and colleagues at Los Alamos.

Graphical calculation methods were used at first.

* Software for thermistor calculation at Sourceforge

DeltaT was measured at + 65. 7768 seconds ( TT ahead of UT1 ) at 0h UTC on 1 January 2009 ; and by retrospective calculation, deltaT was close to zero around the year 1900.