In the field of artificial intelligence, the most difficult problems are informally known as AI-complete or AI-hard, implying that the difficulty of these computational problems is equivalent to solving the central artificial intelligence problem — making computers as intelligent as people, or strong AI.

The propositional satisfiability problem ( PSAT ), which decides whether a given propositional formula is satisfiable, is of central importance in various areas of computer science, including theoretical computer science, algorithmics, artificial intelligence, hardware design, electronic design automation, and verification.

The central problem, Pound argued, was that the legal system " exhibits too great a respect for the individual " and " too little respect for the needs of society.

Understanding the problem of induction is central to grasping Hume's philosophical system.

After articulating the biological species concept in 1942, Mayr played a central role in the species problem debate over what was the best species concept.

The economic calculation problem is a criticism of central economic planning.

But central planners face the knowledge problem in forming a comprehensive plan for production.

Hayek ( 1935, 1937, 1940, 1945 ) stressed the knowledge problem of central planning, partly because decentralized socialism seemed indefensible.

The heavy dependence on obsolescent heavy industry and mining was a central problem, and no one offered workable solutions.

The central paradigm of classical information theory is the engineering problem of the transmission of information over a noisy channel.

The problem that may occur is that this may continue without end, producing an infinite family of central orthogonal idempotents.

Understanding the relationship between the brain and the mind – mind-body problem is one of the central issues in the history of philosophy – is a challenging problem both philosophically and scientifically.

A central problem was that of projectile motion, which was discussed by Hipparchus and Philoponus.

Gregory IX believed the problem of heresy needed serious attention and was not content with leaving it to the bishops, who might have been lax, but extended central control in this essential area as well.

A central problem with the use of public-key cryptography is confidence ( ideally, proof ) that a particular public key is correct, and belongs to the person or entity claimed ( i. e. is " authentic "), and has not been tampered with, or replaced by, a malicious third party ( a " man-in-the-middle ").

The problem with DC was that the power plants could economically deliver DC electricity only to customers within about one and a half miles ( about 2. 4 km ) from the generating station, so that it was suitable only for central business districts.

After World War II, Classical scholar Jacqueline de Romilly pointed out that the problem of Athenian imperialism was one of Thucydides ' central preoccupations and situated his history in the context of Greek thinking about international politics.

However, the heat removal problem is central to all electrical apparatus such that in the case of high value transfomer assets, this often translates in a need to monitor, model, forecast and manage oil and winding conductor insulation temperature conditions under varying, possibly difficult, power loading conditions.

The word problem was one of the first examples of an unsolvable problem to be found not in mathematical logic or the theory of algorithms, but in one of the central branches of classical mathematics, algebra.

The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and nonscience ( including pseudoscience ); Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science.

The mind-body problem, i. e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in philosophy of mind, although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not involve its relation to the physical body.

This they saw as a central problem historically and sociologically.

The main problem with the central difference method, however, is that oscillating functions can yield zero derivative.

It is obvious that the historian who seeks to recapture the ideas that have motivated human behavior throughout a given period will find the art and literature of that age one of his central and major concerns, by no means a mere supplement or adjunct of significant historical research.

This problem of information flow implied that a decentralised system, in which information travelled freely and was freely determined at each localised point ( Hayek called this catallaxy ), would be much better than a central authority trying to do the same, even if it was completely efficient and was motivated to act in the public good.

Fear of such a central authority, that argument goes, is the problem, and knowing there is no political privacy, people become maximally motivated to ensure that the central authority has no arbitrary power.

In a politically motivated move to weaken the central state bureaucracy in 1957, Khrushchev did away with the industrial ministries in Moscow and replaced them with regional economic councils ( sovnarkhozes ).

In the central route to persuasion the individual is presented with the data and motivated to evaluate the data and arrive at an attitude changing conclusion.

While a majority in the remote Alpine villages on the slopes of the Karavanke range voted for Yugoslavia, the inhabitants of the densely settled Klagenfurt Basin were motivated by their evolved social and cultural, not least economic ties to the central Carinthian region.

This view was motivated by a belief that true Christian fellowship requires evangelical views on central topics such as the atonement and the inspiration of Scripture.

The Non-Gaussianity family of ICA algorithms, motivated by the central limit theorem, uses kurtosis and negentropy.

At the same time, many Tibetans believe projects that the PRC implement to benefit Tibet, such as the China Western Development economic plan or the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, are politically motivated actions to consolidate central control over Tibet by facilitating militarization and Han Chinese migration while benefiting few Tibetans ; they also believe the money funneled into cultural restoration projects as being aimed at attracting foreign tourists.

In a politically motivated move to weaken the central state bureaucracy in 1957, Khrushchev replaced the industrial ministries in Moscow with regional Councils of People's Economy, sovnarkhozes, causing himself many new enemies among the ranks in Soviet government.

Cognitive grammar deals mainly with the semantic content of constructions, and its central argument is that conceptual semantics is primary to the degree that form mirrors, or is motivated by, content.

The concept of protection was central to UNBRO's purpose in Thailand, as it was the victimization by war of Cambodian civilians that motivated the establishment of the border relief operation in the first place.

Relational ethics in close personal relationships form a central concept of contextual therapy.

Jewish ethics may be guided by halakhic traditions, by other moral principles, or by central Jewish virtues.

Pudicitia (" modesty " or “ sexual virtue ”) was a central concept in ancient Roman sexual ethics.

It is a central concept in Aristotelian ethics and political philosophy, along with the terms " aretē ", most often translated as " virtue " or " excellence ", and " phronesis ", often translated as " practical or ethical wisdom ".

Discussion of the links between virtue of character ( ethikē aretē ) and happiness ( eudaimonia ) is one of the central preoccupations of ancient ethics, and a subject of much disagreement.

The Gelug school focuses on ethics and monastic discipline of the vinaya as the central plank of spiritual practice.

These elements of Biblical ethics are central to the modern conception of legal justice.

A central issue in monotheist ethics is the problem of evil, the apparent contradiction between a benevolent, all-powerful God and the existence of evil and hell ( see Problem of Hell ).

A central aspect of ethics is " the good life ", the life worth living or life that is simply satisfying, which is held by many philosophers to be more important than traditional moral conduct.

This is also called an ethical paradox since in moral philosophy, paradox often plays a central role in ethics debates.

MacIntyre is a key figure in the recent surge of interest in virtue ethics, which identifies the central question of morality as having to do with the habits and knowledge concerning how to live a good life.

It combines the central tenets of virtue theory ( also called “ virtue ethics ”), with classical epistemological approaches.

The existence of laws without ethical content may be used to support the central claim of legal positivism, namely that law and ethics are separable.

Bad faith wish fulfillment is central to the ethics of belief, which discusses questions at the intersection of epistemology, philosophy of mind, psychology, Freudian psychoanalysis, and ethics.

" Chesed is central to Jewish ethics and Jewish theology.

But shorn of teleology, ethics as a body of knowledge was expurgated of its central content, and only remained as, essentially, a vocabulary list with few definitions and no context.

Among the central issues of naturalism include the exploration of varieties of naturalism ; problems in philosophy of science ; the methodologies of scientific inquiry ; naturalism and humanism ; naturalistic ethics ; planetary ethics ; and naturalism and the biosciences.

His works attempt to connect the questions raised in philosophy of biology and philosophy of mathematics with the central philosophical issues of epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics.