Digoxin was approved for heart failure in 1998 under current regulations by the Food and Drug Administration on the basis of prospective, randomized study and clinical trials.

Evidence quality can be assessed based on the source type ( from meta-analyses and systematic reviews of triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials with concealment of allocation and no attrition at the top end, down to conventional wisdom at the bottom ), as well as other factors including statistical validity, clinical relevance, currency, and peer-review acceptance.

There have been no randomized clinical studies published in the available medical literature to show the macrobiotic diet can be used to prevent or cure cancer.

A 2003 meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials found that spinal manipulation was " more effective than sham therapy but was no more or less effective than general practitioner care, analgesics, physical therapy, exercise, or back school " in the treatment of low back pain.

* Placebo-controlled, randomized, blinded clinical trials became a powerful tool for testing new medicines.

Additionally, a recent meta-analysis covering 11 randomized controlled clinical trials found positive effects of niacin alone or in combination on all cardiovascular events and on atherosclerosis evolution.

In general there are very few clinical trials on the treatment of DID, none of which were randomized controlled trials.

Despite these promising observations, randomized clinical trials have consistently shown lack of benefit to the role of vitamin E supplements in heart disease.

In two placebo-controlled randomized clinical trials Zollinger et al.

A prospective randomized study done in 2002 by Trumble revealed that good clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction are achieved more quickly with the endoscopic method.

Another randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center clinical trial conducted in the United States showed that 39 % of participants showed significant improvement vs. 3 % of placebo.

* Quinacrine has also been used for transluminal sterilization, but despite a multitude of clinical studies on the use of quinacrine and female sterilization, no randomized, controlled trials have been reported to date and there is some controversy over its use.

Retrospective and ultrasonic studies since the 1960s have supported their use, but the only randomized clinical trial found no statistically significant difference in wound healing.

Topical treatment ( eye drops ) with the less well-known antioxidant N-acetylcarnosine has been shown in randomized controlled clinical trials to improve transmissivity and reduce glare sensitivity for patients with cataracts.

There is an extensive body of clinical data demonstrating the safety and effectiveness of TMS in treating major depression in patients who have not received benefit from antidepressant medication including 2 randomized, controlled multicenter trials, 2 open-label extension studies, and a 6 month post-treatment durability study.

The clinical significance of the efficacy evidence for TMS in randomized controlled trials was determined by comparison to the published efficacy results for antidepressant pharmacotherapy in similarly designed randomized controlled trials.

Flowchart of four phases ( enrollment, intervention allocation, follow-up, and data analysis ) of a parallel randomized trial of two groups, modified from the CONSORT ( Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials ) 2010 StatementA randomized controlled trial ( RCT ) ( or randomized comparative trial ) is a specific type of scientific experiment, and the preferred design for a clinical trial.

RCTs are also called randomized clinical trials or randomized controlled clinical trials when they concern clinical research ; however, RCTs are also employed in other research areas, including many of the social sciences, where their relevance and the advantages claimed for them have been contested in the literature.

Physiological experiments and clinical observations have shown that these procedures influence the hypothalamically controlled hypophyseal secretions and increase sympathetic discharges.

A systematic 2003 review of controlled clinical trials related to the Alexander Technique found two reputable studies suggesting the Alexander Technique is effective in reducing the disability of patients suffering from Parkinson ’ s disease and improving pain behaviour and disability in patients with back pain, and concluded that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of the Alexander Technique is encouraging but not convincing.

While controlled clinical trials of atypicals reported that extrapyramidal symptoms occurred in 5 – 15 % of patients, a study of bipolar disorder in a real world clinical setting found a rate of 63 %, questioning the generalizability of the trials.

A magnetically controlled growing rod ( MCGR ) system has been developed and is undergoing clinical trials in Hong Kong.

There have been few controlled clinical studies of the human health effects of pepper spray marketed for police use, and those studies are contradictory.

Colonel Joseph Franklin Siler, MD ( 1875 – 1960 ) U. S. Army, performed the first controlled clinical studies of marijuana use by soldiers.

An osteopathic manipulation technique called the Galbreath technique was evaluated in one randomized controlled clinical trial ; one reviewer concluded that it was promising, but a 2010 evidence report found the evidence inconclusive.

The first human clinical randomized controlled trial involved 29 people with glucose intolerance and ischemic heart disease, and it found that those on a Paleolithic diet had a greater improvement in glucose tolerance compared to those on a Mediterranean diet .< ref name =" pmid17583796 ">

According to a 2004 scientific review, peer reviewed research on Rolfing is limited, lacking controlled clinical trials: " there is no evidence-based literature to support Rolfing in any specific disease group.

Although compliance was believed to be one issue in clinical versus animal trials, the high viscosity and controlled nature of animal-viral inoculations ( atraumatic introduction of virus using a French catheter ) may be why the latter animal study observed a positive outcome.

By 2010, over 300 patients were treated in the United States in those trials, which are composed of two randomized, controlled, multisite clinical trials for the treatment of progressive keratoconus and post LASIK ectasia.

In some countries ( not the United States ), radiotherapy and chemotherapy are controlled by a single oncologist who is a " clinical oncologist ".

The classroom teacher cannot be expected to be as proficient in the use of the techniques of child study as the clinical psychologist ; ;

Unlike mainstream medicine, CAM often lacks or has only limited experimental and clinical study ; however, scientific investigation of CAM is beginning to address this knowledge gap.

In a large clinical study, one of the agents in the ACE inhibitor class, ramipril ( Altace ), demonstrated an ability to reduce the mortality rates of patients who suffered a myocardial infarction, and to slow the subsequent development of heart failure.

In 2007, U. S. Department of Defense ’ s Telemedicine and Advanced Technologies Research Center ( TATRC ) began to study the antimicrobial properties of copper alloys, including four brasses ( C87610, C69300, C26000, C46400 ) in a multi-site clinical hospital trial conducted at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center ( New York City ), the Medical University of South Carolina, and the Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center ( South Carolina ).

A simple nomenclature system was introduced in 1978 by Angst, J., et al., to classify more easily individuals ' affectedness within the spectrum, following a clinical study by the Psychiatric University Clinic of Zürich.

For example in a paper reporting on a study involving human subjects, there typically appears a table giving the overall sample size, sample sizes in important subgroups ( e. g., for each treatment or exposure group ), and demographic or clinical characteristics such as the average age, the proportion of subjects of each sex, and the proportion of subjects with related comorbidities.

There he began to study and record many clinical histories in detail and " was led to consider the importance of the course of the illness with regard to the classification of mental disorders.

* Level A: Consistent Randomised Controlled Clinical Trial, cohort study, all or none ( see note below ), clinical decision rule validated in different populations.

He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.

The results of the study show that reliability for each scale is good ; moreover, the Scale of Contraversive Pushing was determined to have acceptable clinimetric properties, and the other two scales addressed more functional positions that will help therapists with clinical decisions and research.

Jamison began her study of clinical psychology at University of California, Los Angeles in the late 1960s, receiving both B. A.

The authors feel that this study provides information that is potentially the first step in determining a new type of mainstream clinical treatment for Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

A large multisite U. S. study found that cervical motion tenderness as a minimum clinical criterion increases the sensitivity of the CDC diagnostic criteria from 83 % to 95 %.

In psychological education and training, the study of the nature of personality and its psychological development is usually reviewed as a prerequisite to courses in abnormal or clinical psychology.

The study was partly a response to the APA's 2000 statement cautioning against clinical attempts at changing homosexuality, and was aimed at determining whether such attempts were ever successful rather than how likely it was that change would occur for any given individual.

The diagnosis of sleep apnea is based on the conjoint evaluation of clinical symptoms ( e. g. excessive daytime sleepiness and fatigue ) and of the results of a formal sleep study ( polysomnography, or reduced channels home based test ).

The U. S. National Institutes of Health currently has registered 71 clinical trials completed or underway to study use of dietary curcumin for a variety of clinical disorders ( dated September 2012 ).

This Health Technology Assessment monograph includes reviews of the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of varicose veins, as well as a study on clinical and cost effectiveness of surgery and sclerotherapy.

Complications for ERA include burns, paraesthesia, clinical phlebitis, and slightly higher rates of deep vein thrombosis ( 0. 57 %) and pulmonary embolism ( 0. 17 %). One 3-year study compared ERA, with a recurrence rate of 33 %, to open surgery, which had a recurrence rate of 23 %.

A 2004 large multicentre clinical follow-up study of ECT patients in New York — describing itself as the first systematic documentation of the effectiveness of ECT in community practice in the 65 years of its use — found remission rates of only 30 to 47 percent, with 64 percent of those relapsing within six months.

According to prominent ECT researcher Harold Sackeim, " despite over fifty years of clinical use and ongoing controversy ", until 2007 there had " never been a large-scale, prospective study of the cognitive effects of ECT.