Before 1933, individuals who opposed trade unions and collective bargaining said so in plain English.

Finland has universal validity of collective labour agreements and often, but not always, the trade unions, employers and the government reach a Comprehensive Income Policy Agreement.

The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members ( rank and file members ) and negotiates labour contracts ( collective bargaining ) with employers.

This is because many of the issues and areas that in other countries are regulated through state or federal law, e. g. working hours, minimum wage and right to overtime compensation, in Sweden instead are regulated through collective agreements between trade union and employer organisation representatives.

The area includes the doctrine of restraint of trade and has largely been submerged in the twentieth century by statutory interventions on collective labor law and modern antitrust or competition law.

The coalition was committed to free trade ( as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought ), free collective bargaining for trades unions ( which Conservatives opposed ), an active social policy that was forging the welfare state, and constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords.

This model of collective action is similar to that of Ten Thousand Villages, which supports the fair trade of goods worldwide.

In 1810 Alexander von Humboldt originated the modern usage of " Aztec " as a collective term applied to all the people linked by trade, custom, religion, and language to the Mexica state and the Triple Alliance.

This may include creating labor unions ( also known as trade unions ), engaging in collective bargaining, taking part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands, or merely discussing workplace concerns with coworkers on Facebook.

This in turn can relate to factors such as: norms for coordinating actions and dividing resources ; what is considered self-defense or provocation ; attitudes towards ' outsiders ', attitudes towards specific groups such as women, the disabled or the lower status ; the availability of alternative conflict resolution strategies ; trade interdependence and collective security pacts ; fears and impulses ; and ultimate goals regarding material and social outcomes.

They argue that the working class learns of necessity to conduct a collective struggle, for instance in trade unions, arising from its social conditions in the factories and workplaces, and that the collective consciousness it achieves as a result is an essential ingredient of the socialist reconstruction of society.

Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues.

In the past, collective business systems such as the trade association, the cooperative and the franchise were created to allow groups of independently owned businesses with common interests to successfully compete in the marketplace.

Presently, and for the foreseeable future, the inherent limitations of traditional collective business systems such as the trade organization, the cooperative and the franchise render them considerably less effective than they once were in advancing the business interests of their constituents.

Amongst other things, the Trade Marks Act defines trade marks ( including certification marks and collective marks ), what constitutes trademark infringement and defences and exceptions thereto, and ( together with the Trade Marks Regulations ) sets out procedures for registration and other proceedings before the Registrar of Trade Marks.

The new law introduced various substantive and procedural changes, such as expanding the legal definition of a trademark ; including or broadening protection for certification marks, collective marks, and well-known trade marks ; reducing the period of non-use for revocation purpose from five to three years ; and simplifying and streamlining procedures for the registration of assignments, and " registrable transactions " such as licenses.

Hence the rise of trade unions which aim to create a more favourable bargaining position through collective action by workers.

Workers ' right to freedom of association in terms of the right to form trade unions and collective bargaining is recognized separately, in Section 23.

Only through collective action, trade union activities, could the working class begin to achieve consciousness of itself, the nature of the world, and its purported historic mission.

However, collective negotiations and agreements had existed since the rise of trade unions during the 18th century.

Certification marks differ from collective trade marks.

The main difference is that collective trade marks may be used by particular members of the organization which owns them, while certification marks are the only evidence of the existence of follow-up agreements between manufacturers and nationally accredited testing and certification organisations.

A collective trade mark or collective mark is a trademark owned by an organization ( such as an association ), whose members use them to identify themselves with a level of quality or accuracy, geographical origin, or other characteristics set by the organization.

The main difference is that collective trade marks may be used by particular members of the organization which owns them, while certification marks may be used by anybody who complies with the standards defined by the owner of the particular certification mark.

National trade mark laws in some countries ( such as Finland, Germany, Hungary and Switzerland ) provide for the filing of the regulations as an additional requirement for registration of the collective trade mark.

* information on the members authorized to use the collective trade mark, including their names, addresses and seats,

* the conditions of use of the collective trade mark,

* the prescriptions relating to the control of the use of the collective trade mark,

* the order of proceedings against unauthorized use of the collective trade mark.

Many jurisdictions have been required to amend their trade mark legislation in order to accommodate the requirement of protection of collective marks under TRIPs.

* The Parma Ham case RPC 251, in which the Consorzio del Prosciutto di Parma sued for passing off their unregistered collective mark ;

In principle, a similar protection to a geographical indication could be obtained through a collective trade mark.

It may also take the form of a collective trade mark: properly applied, the regulation governing the use of the collective trade mark guarantees the origin, the nature and the quality of goods and services by making them distinguishable, which is beneficial to members of the association or body owning the trade mark.

For some years there were resident sculptors who have left their collective mark.

These qualities alone, however, would not account for their success, and it took me a while to discover the crowning virtue that completes this company's collective personality.

Under French law, an association can represent the collective interests of consumers ; however, each claimant must be individually named in the lawsuit.

The U. S. argument was affirmed, however, by the dissenting opinion of ICJ member U. S. Judge Schwebel, who concluded that in supporting the contras, the U. S. acted lawfully in collective self-defence in El Salvador's support.

Some ecological principles, however, do exhibit collective properties where the sum of the components explain the properties of the whole, such as birth rates of a population being equal to the sum of individual births over a designated time frame.

In some countries however the office of the head of state is held by a body of persons (" collective head of state ").

The term " commons ," however, is also often used to mean something quite different: " general collective ownership "-i. e.

The collective unconscious, however, is the deepest level of the psyche, containing the accumulation of inherited psychic structures and archetypal experiences.

It is, however, what Michel-Rolph Trouillot terms “ an age when collective apologies are becoming increasingly common ” as well as a time when the established Holocaust discourse has settled and legitimized claims of the Jewish, Roma and mentally ill victims of Nazi persecution so it would seem an appropriate time to at least bring attention to the debate of the Gay Holocaust, even if the issue is not to be settled.

Unlike a helicopter, autogyros without collective pitch need a runway to takeoff ; however they are capable of landing with a very short or zero ground roll.

Prior to the beginning of training camps, however, the NBA owners, led by commissioner David Stern, locked out the players in order to force a new collective bargaining agreement with the National Basketball Players Association ( NBPA ).

It is not however true to say that military theorists and commanders were suffering from some collective case of stupidity ; quite the opposite is true.

This collective effort was at the origin of many of Britain's building societies, which however developed into " permanent " mutual savings and loan organisations, a term which persisted in some of their names ( such as the former Leeds Permanent ).

John's preparations have no effect, however, as he is tricked into killing the guardian that had been preventing the tragedy, freeing a beast which can control the collective unconsciousness of mankind.

When the Estates-General convened in Versailles on 5 May 1789, however, it became clear that the double representation was something of a sham: voting was to occur " by orders ", which meant that the collective vote of the 578 representatives of the Third Estate would be weighed the same as that of each of the other Estates.

This doesn't mean to say, however, that society was split into a two-tiered society, one for punishment and one for the unpunished ; what it does mean is that the intended recipients of the system of prison and punishment was primarily targeted at the desperate, atomised, poorer ' classes ' not atomized as collective individuals, but as a group who had an effective organization an organized super structure, such as the state for example, and were unable to fight back in any effective way.

He arranged the collective guarantee of the neutrality of Luxembourg in 1867, negotiated a convention about the Alabama, which, however, was not ratified, and most wisely refused to take any part in the Cretan troubles.

A second collective attempt by the Guards and the Commandos managed to reach the pavement around the Pool ; however they came under heavy fire from all sides.

Currently bryophytes are thought not to be a natural or monophyletic group ; however the name is convenient and remains in use as a collective term for mosses, hornworts, and liverworts.

Under the old collective agreement, which expired in 2004, draft picks were awarded as compensation when a team lost an unrestricted free agent ; however, under the current CBA teams losing unrestricted free agents do not receive any compensation.

Other researchers believe, however, that the collective will of humanity will not converge to a single coherent set of goals.

The overarching term " Maya " is a collective designation to include the peoples of the region who share some degree of cultural and linguistic heritage ; however, the term embraces many distinct populations, societies, and ethnic groups, who each have their own particular traditions, cultures, and historical identity.

The Crossbenchers do not take a collective position on issues, so have no whips ; however, they do elect from among themselves a convenor for administrative purposes, and to keep them up-to-date with the business of the House.

The case of the Rangers is, however, unique: it was a collective force that, in exercise of the authority granted by the government, protected Texas against threats considered extremely evil at the time.

Outside these areas, however, participation at work is limited to information, consultation, collective bargaining and industrial action.