With some pairs of materials, such as mercury and glass, the intermolecular forces within the liquid exceed those between the solid and the liquid, so a convex meniscus forms and capillary action works in reverse.

A: The bottom of a concave meniscus. B: The top of a convex meniscus.

The measurement is taken with the meniscus at eye level to eliminate parallax error, and at the center of the meniscus, i. e. the top of a convex meniscus, or the bottom of a concave meniscus.

Some cameras with fixed lenses have been made using a simple lens, usually a meniscus lens with the convex face facing outward.

Maksutov's design notes from 1941 explored the possibility of a ' folded ' Cassegrain-type construction with a secondary silvered " spot " on the convex side of the meniscus facing the primary mirror.

Because of its high cohesion and low adhesion to the glass, mercury does not spread out to cover the top of the flask, and if enough is placed in the flask to cover the bottom, it exhibits a strongly convex meniscus, where the meniscus of water is concave.

Since all the eigenvalues are non-negative, the problem is convex and the maximum occurs on the edges of the domain, namely when and ( when the eigenvalues are ordered in decreasing magnitude ).

In the vicinity of a river bend, deposition occurs on the convex bank ( the bank with the smaller radius ).

The constrictor and double constrictor are both extremely secure when tied tightly around convex objects with cord scaled for the task at hand.

For instance, when X is a bounded subset of the plane, the convex hull may be visualized as the shape formed by a rubber band stretched around X.

When the set is a nonempty finite subset of the plane ( that is, two-dimensional ), we may imagine stretching a rubber band so that it surrounds the entire set and then releasing it, allowing it to contract ; when it becomes taut, it encloses the convex hull of.

* Pileus: 2 – 8 cm, Conic to convex, becoming broadly convex to plane in age, may retain a slight umbo, margin even, reddish-cinnamon brown when young becoming golden brown in age, viscid when moist, hygrophanous, glabrous, sometimes with white universal veil remnants decorating the cap, more or less smooth.

It determines whether a surface is locally convex ( when it is positive ) or locally saddle ( when it is negative ).

Geometrically, when the state is not expressible as a convex combination of other states, it is a pure state.

When back-face culling is used, each node therefore contains a convex set of polygons, whereas when rendering double-sided polygons, each node of the BSP tree contains only polygons in a single plane.

The minimal number of static equilibria of homogeneous, convex bodies ( when resting under gravity on a horizontal surface ) is of special interest.

Their caps are typically yellow-brown, somewhat sticky to touch when moist, and, depending on age, may range in shape from conical to convex to depressed in the center.

A polygon has a shape defined by n – 2 complex numbers The polygon bounds a convex set when all these shape components have imaginary components of the same sign.

The spaces S < sub > p </ sub >( H ) of operators in the Schatten class on a Hilbert space H are uniformly convex, hence reflexive, when.

The closest point c is unique when X is uniformly convex.

The lemon sign refers to the shape of the fetal skull at ultrasonography ( US ) when the frontal bones lose their normal convex contour and appear flattened or inwardly scalloped.

For example, when the space of functions is a Banach space, the functional derivative becomes known as the Fréchet derivative, while one uses the Gâteaux derivative on more general locally convex spaces.

Its real-life performance compared with other convex hull algorithms is favorable when n is small or h is expected to be very small with respect to n. In general cases the algorithm is outperformed by many others.

Also, the complete implementation must deal with degenerate cases when the convex hull has only 1 or 2 vertices, as well as with the issues of limited arithmetic precision, both of computer computations and input data.

However, because the running time depends linearly on the number of hull vertices, it is only faster than algorithms such as Graham scan when the number h of hull vertices is smaller than log n. Chan's algorithm, another convex hull algorithm, combines the logarithmic dependence of Graham scan with the output sensitivity of the gift wrapping algorithm, achieving an asymptotic running time that improves on both Graham scan and gift wrapping.

These enclosures sometimes give rise to a chatoyant effect like that of cats-eye and cymophane ; and elaeolite when of a good green or red color and showing a distinct band of light is sometimes cut as a gem-stone with a convex surface.

Upon exposure, due to geometric effect, the convex side of the vane receives more photon energy than the concave side does, and subsequently the gas molecules receive more heat from the convex side than from the concave side.

Many GA-style guitars also have a convex back panel to increase the volume of space in the soundbox without making the soundbox deeper at the edges, which would affect comfort and playability.

Instead of saying that humans live on the outside surface of a hollow planet, sometimes called a " convex " hollow-Earth hypothesis, some have claimed that our universe itself lies in the interior of a hollow world, calling this a " concave " hollow-Earth hypothesis.

Flat ground blades have a profile that tapers from the thick spine to the sharp edge in a straight or convex line.

Radon measures have an alternative definition in terms of linear functionals on the locally convex space of continuous functions with compact support.

A properly constructed machete will have a convex or flat primary bevel from the spine to the edge, which is formed by a secondary bevel.

They generally have one long axis and concave or convex edges, and it is possible for them to have a gibbosity ( hump ) or indentations.

There are numerous other closed convex surfaces which have constant width, for example the Meissner body.

Kachurovskii's theorem shows that convex functions on Banach spaces have monotonic operators as their derivatives.

* Suppose that is a sequence of Lipschitz continuous mappings between two metric spaces, and that all have Lipschitz constant bounded by some K. If ƒ < sub > n </ sub > converges to a mapping ƒ uniformly, then ƒ is also Lipschitz, with Lipschitz constant bounded by the same K. In particular, this implies that the set of real-valued functions on a compact metric space with a particular bound for the Lipschitz constant is a closed and convex subset of the Banach space of continuous functions.

Under certain conditions therefore, equivalence classes of statistical ensembles have the structure of a convex set.

Ammonoid septa characteristically have bulges and indentations and are to varying degrees convex from the front, distinguishing them from nautiloid septa which are typically simple concave dish-shaped structures.

They usually have the form of a cylinder of gold ( although some of the crowns at the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum have the form of a gold cube ) with a convex dome on the top with usually some form of cross on a pedestal.

Convex angles have somewhat convex sides and open to the lateral ( outer ) area of the tusk.

The rate – distortion function of any source is known to obey several fundamental properties, the most important ones being that it is a continuous, monotonically decreasing convex ( U ) function and thus the shape for the function in the examples is typical ( even measured rate – distortion functions in real life tend to have very similar forms ).

Specialized nail trimmers which have convex clipping ends are intended for trimming toenails, while concave clipping ends are for fingernails.

Lippershey's original instrument consisted of either two convex lenses with an inverted image or a convex objective and a concave eyepiece lens so it would have an upright image.

In recent years, Lenstra, Brion, and Barvinok have developed combinatorial theories that enumerate the lattice points in some convex bodies.

A building's surface detailing ( indoors or out ) may have a molding with an ogee-shaped profile, consisting ( going from low to high ) of a concave arc flowing into a convex arc, with vertical ends ; if the lower curve is convex and higher one concave, this is known as a Roman ogee, although frequently the terms are used as if they are interchangeable and for a variety of other shapes.

Any four exterior vertices determine a cyclic quadrilateral, and all cyclic quadrilaterals are convex quadrilaterals, so each set of four exterior vertices have exactly one point of intersection formed by their diagonals ( chords ).