It is regarded as the forerunner of the modern bicycle and was introduced by Drais to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817 and in Paris in 1818.

Boxing evolved from 16th and 18th century prizefights ( detailed further down the page ), largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid 19th century, again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States.

Archaic Homo sapiens, the forerunner of anatomically modern humans, evolved between 400, 000 and 250, 000 years ago.

The forerunner to the modern gas mask was invented in 1847 by Lewis Haslett, a device that contained elements that allowed breathing through a nose and mouthpiece, inhalation of air through a bulb-shaped filter, and a vent to exhale air back into the atmosphere.

The Gatling gun is one of the best known early rapid-fire weapons and a forerunner of the modern machine gun.

As a rectifying diode, and forerunner to the triode valve and many related structures, it can also be considered to be the device that gave birth to modern electronics.

These studies were recorded in 13, 000 pages of notes and drawings, which fuse art and natural philosophy ( the forerunner of modern science ), made and maintained daily throughout Leonardo's life and travels, as he made continual observations of the world around him.

The American Hotel Association ( which had briefly offered a Universal Credit Card in 1953 as forerunner to the modern American Express card ) became the American Hotel & Motel Association in 1963.

Silbermann's pianos were virtually direct copies of Cristofori's, with one important addition: Silbermann invented the forerunner of the modern damper pedal, which lifts all the dampers from the strings simultaneously.

This was the forerunner of the modern Powerpoint chart.

His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure ( WBS ) and resource allocation.

Partly due to the optimized load / store architecture of the CDC 6600 Jack Dongarra states that it can be considered as a forerunner of modern RISC systems, although a number of other technical barriers needed to be overcome for the development of a modern RISC system.

The teleostereograph machine, a forerunner to the modern electronic fax, was developed by AT & T's Bell Labs in the 1920s ; however, the first commercial use of image facsimile telegraph devices dates back to the time of Samuel F. B. Morse's invention in the 1800s.

Another aspect of Morris ' preservationism was his desire to protect the natural world from the ravages of pollution and industrialism, causing some historians of the green movement to regard Morris as an important forerunner of modern environmentalism.

This is the forerunner of the modern pizza.

* July 3 – Charles Babbage publishes a proposal for a " difference engine ", a forerunner of the modern computer for calculating logarithms and trigonometric functions.

* Charles Babbage begins the conceptual design of an " analytical engine ", a mechanical forerunner of the modern computer.

* May 20 – King Sancho IV of Castile creates the Studium General, forerunner to the modern Complutense University of Madrid.

Such devices facilitated the creation of dial-up bulletin board systems, a forerunner of modern internet chat rooms, message boards, and e-mail.

Annually, from 1796 to 1798, L ' Olympiade de la République was held in revolutionary France, and is an early forerunner to the modern summer Olympic Games.

Larrey manned ambulances with trained crews of drivers, corpsmen and litter-bearers and had them bring the wounded to centralized field hospitals, effectively creating a forerunner of the modern MASH units.

The Academia Operosorum Labacensium ( Academy of the Industrious Residents of Ljubljana )-a forerunner of the modern Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts-was founded in Ljubljana in 1693 as an association of 23 scholars.

Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich.

In Germany and Switzerland the early Protestant reformers, most notably Martin Luther himself, read some of the friar ’ s writings and praised him as a martyr and forerunner whose ideas on faith and grace anticipated Luther ’ s own doctrine of justification by faith alone.

He also founded a provincial junior college ( Shandong College, the forerunner of Shandong University ) in Jinan, which adopted western ideas of education.

On the other hand, several advocates of Enlightenment, deism and anti-Church positions saw him as an early forerunner of their own ethical and religious ideas, a proponent of a universal, non-denominational religion compatible with Reason.

The concept of the King's Quest series was derived from ideas first established in Wizard and the Princess ( Adventure in Serenia ) which was an early forerunner of the series.

It is now generally regarded as a forerunner of King's Indian setups, but Chigorin also played it with other ideas ( such as b2-b3 ) in mind.

Jones is often thought of as the forerunner of Methodist ideas in Wales.

Otlet was also an idealist and peace activist, pushing internationalist political ideas that were embodied in the League of Nations and its International Institute of Intellectual Cooperation ( forerunner of UNESCO ), working alongside his colleague Henri La Fontaine, who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913, to achieve their ideas of a new world polity that they saw arising from the global diffusion of information and the creation of new kinds of international organization.

" In this way, she was a forerunner of the Enlightenment and its philosophical ideas.

Titles such as The Paradise within the Reach of all Men without Labor by Powers of Nature and Machinery, Emigration to the Tropical World for the Melioration of All Classes of People of All Nations, and The New World or Mechanical System were written in the 1800s by John Adolphus Etzler who has been described by independent scholar, Anna Notaro, as an early forerunner to Fresco's ideas .< ref name =" Nebula ">

His name is Praisegod Piepsam, and he is rather fully described as to his clothing and physiognomy in a way which relates him to a sinister type in the author's repertory -- he is a forerunner of those enigmatic strangers in `` Death In Venice '', for example, who represent some combination of cadaver, exotic, and psychopomp.

* 1882 – The " Elektromote " – forerunner of the trolleybus – is tested by Ernst Werner von Siemens in Berlin.

Best known for his play Ubu Roi ( 1896 ), which is often cited as a forerunner to the surrealist theatre of the 1920s and 1930s, Jarry wrote in a variety of genres and styles.

* 1922 – The American Birth Control League, forerunner of Planned Parenthood, is incorporated.

It is the 1924 tour that is credited as being the first in which the team were referred to as " the Lions ", the irony being that it was on this tour that the single lion-rampant crest was replaced with the forerunner of the four-quartered badge with the symbols of the four represented unions, that is still worn today.

As a stylistic forerunner of Impressionism, he is today considered a " father figure not only to the Impressionists " but to all four of the major Post-Impressionists, including Georges Seurat, Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin.

In what is considered a forerunner to disco style clubs, New York City DJ David Mancuso opened The Loft, a members-only private dance club set in his own home, in February 1970.

According to Dumezil the forerunner of all frame gods is an Indian epic hero who was the image ( avatar ) of the Vedic god Dyaus.

The interactive-teaching language Blue, forerunner of BlueJ, is also Eiffel-based.

This legal codification is no longer extant, but it is said to have been refined in what is known as the Asuka Kiyomihara ritsu-ryō of 689 ; and these are understood to have been a forerunner of the Taihō ritsu-ryō of 701.

The movement's sensibility is mirrored in the Warner Bros. drama I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang ( 1932 ), a key forerunner of noir.

His book is the first to list recipes alphabetically, perhaps a forerunner of the first culinary dictionary.

* 1838 – Alfred Vail demonstrates a telegraph system using dots and dashes ( this is the forerunner of Morse code ).

) It is considered the forerunner of thinking machines .< ref name =' Information Week '>

However, Harold W. Attridge contends that John's status as a " self-conscious and deliberate forerunner of Jesus " is likely to be an invention by early Christians, arguing that " for the early church it would have been something of an embarrassment to say that Jesus, who was in their minds superior to John the Baptist, had been baptized by him.

He is considered to be a forerunner of the Bahá ' í Faith, and Bahá ' ís celebrate the day as a holy day.