Well-funded groups like Canada's Ballard Power Systems are also working to develop a " regenerative fuel cell ", a device that can generate hydrogen and oxygen when power is available, and combine these efficiently when power is needed.

They usually get the heat from the exhaust of a generator or fuel cell.

Recently there has been growing interest in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, electric buses as well as ones powered by compressed natural gas or bio-diesel.

Currently there is interest in hybrid electric buses, fuel cell buses, electric buses and ones powered by compressed natural gas or bio-diesel.

A chemist prepares a new fuel cell for testing.

In the context of electrochemistry, specifically in fuel cell engineering, various metal-containing catalysts are used to enhance the rates of the half reactions that comprise the fuel cell.

One common type of fuel cell electrocatalyst is based upon nanoparticles of platinum that are supported on slightly larger carbon particles.

When in contact with one of the electrodes in a fuel cell, this platinum increases the rate of oxygen reduction to water, either to hydroxide or hydrogen peroxide.

* Ceres Power, a UK company developing small-scale fuel cell CHP systems

* Electrochemistry, the direct transformation of chemical energy into electricity, as in a battery, fuel cell or nerve impulse

William Grove produced the first fuel cell in 1839.

hydrogen ( H < sub > 2 </ sub >) can be combined in a fuel cell to form water and energy, typically a combination of heat and electrical energy.

The fuel cell can turn the chemical energy bound in hydrocarbon gases or hydrogen directly into electrical energy with much higher efficiency than any combustion process ; such devices have powered many spacecraft and are being applied to grid energy storage for the public power system.

The chemical reactions in the cell may involve the electrolyte, the electrodes or an external substance ( as in fuel cells which may use hydrogen gas as a reactant ).

Demonstration model of a direct-methanol fuel cell.

The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cube shape in the center of the image

Scheme of a proton conducting fuel cell

A fuel cell is a device that converts the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity through a chemical reaction with oxygen or another oxidizing agent.

They are used to power fuel cell vehicles, including automobiles, buses, forklifts, airplanes, boats, motorcycles and submarines.

There are many types of fuel cells, but they all consist of an anode ( negative side ), a cathode ( positive side ) and an electrolyte that allows charges to move between the two sides of the fuel cell.

Large parcel carriers, such as United Parcel Service ( UPS ) and FedEx, often include an array of accessorial charges ( like fuel and residential delivery surcharges ) in addition to their standard fees.

UPS and FedEx have recently begun surcharges for fuel.

Our Patterson Moos Research Division has made further very encouraging progress in development of fuel cells.

( The large-scale felling of trees for fuel during the winters has created another environmental crisis.

The Navy also has some fuel shortage problems, but military training is still effective.

A good fuel is one which is readily available, is cheap, burns easily in air and at a moderate rate, has a high calorific value and is environment friendly.

It also has a capacity to convert substantial portion of the intake into Refuse-derived fuel ( RDF ) materials for further combustion use in several energy consuming industries across Pakistan e. g., in cement manufacturing companies where it is used to heat up the Cement Kiln systems.

Smuggling of the conflict minerals, coltan and cassiterite ( ores of tantalum and tin, respectively ), has helped fuel the war in the Eastern Congo.

Terfenol-D has the highest room-temperature magnetostriction of any known material ; this property is employed in transducers, wide-band mechanical resonators, and high-precision liquid fuel injectors.

Historically, utilization of forest products, including timber and fuel wood, has played a key role in human societies, comparable to the roles of water and cultivable land.

The Diesel engine has the lowest specific fuel consumption of any large internal combustion engine employing a single cycle, 0. 26 lb / hp. h ( 0. 16 kg / kWh ) for very large marine engines ( combined cycle power plants are more efficient, but employ two engines rather than one ).

The vapour is then ignited by the heat from the compressed air in the combustion chamber, the droplets continue to vaporise from their surfaces and burn, getting smaller, until all the fuel in the droplets has been burnt.

Ford's HyTrans Project has developed a system which starts the ignition in 400 ms, saving a significant amount of fuel on city routes, and there are other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as homogeneous charge compression ignition, being studied.

Fluid-based magnetohydrodynamic ( MHD ) power generation has been studied as a method for extracting electrical power from nuclear reactors and also from more conventional fuel combustion systems.

The designs of these forges have varied over time, but whether the fuel is coal, coke or charcoal the basic design has remained the same.

The company has demonstrated the first fuel cell capable of starting under freezing conditions with its proton exchange membrane.

According to their website, Ceres Power, a UK SOFC fuel cell manufacturer, has developed a method of reducing the operating temperature of their SOFC system to 500-600 degrees Celsius.

Gibraltar has ten fuelling stations, and fuel prices are lower than in the neighbouring country of Spain.

While it cannot be determined why exactly the government does not allow private cars to be fuelled by diesel, it has been pointed out that the government does receive a tax that is 150 % of the actual fuel cost.

Helium-3 is proposed as a second-generation fuel for nuclear fusion in hypothetical fusion power plants, but such plants are still very early in their development -- especially since the first generation has not entered service anywhere, yet.

It has a market economy in which the government plays a significant role by owning more than 164 enterprises and administers prices on several basic goods, including fuel, rice, and electricity.

The ' Hydrogen on Demand ' process ( see direct borohydride fuel cell ) creates hydrogen as needed, but has other issues, such as the high price of the sodium borohydride that is the raw material.

The Dongfeng 5 or DF-5 is a 3 stage liquid fuel ICBM and has an estimated range of 13, 000 kilometers.

This has led to some national policies such as fuel and emission taxes for domestic air travel in the Netherlands and Norway, respectively.

And the fuel required for deceleration and velocity-matching has to be launched along with the payload, and therefore even more fuel is needed in the acceleration phase.