Steam just above atmospheric pressure ( all that the boiler could stand ) was introduced into the lower half of the cylinder beneath the piston during the gravity-induced upstroke ; the steam was then condensed by a jet of cold water injected into the steam space to produce a partial vacuum ; the pressure differential between the atmosphere and the vacuum on either side of the piston displaced it downwards into the cylinder, raising the opposite end of a rocking beam to which was attached a gang of gravity-actuated reciprocating force pumps housed in the mineshaft.

This experiment had a nozzle spraying a jet of steam at the spark discharge.

This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a low pressure.

These jets contain significant kinetic energy, which is converted into shaft rotation by the bucket-like shaped rotor blades, as the steam jet changes direction.

Axial turbines which operate today in steam plants or jet engines have efficiencies of about 60-70 % ( Siemens Turbines Data ).

Blocking a water jet forces water into a heater that converts it to steam.

Other methods of refrigeration include the air cycle machine used in aircraft ; the vortex tube used for spot cooling, when compressed air is available ; and thermoacoustic refrigeration using sound waves in a pressurized gas to drive heat transfer and heat exchange ; steam jet cooling popular in the early 1930s for air conditioning large buildings ; thermoelastic cooling using a smart metal alloy stretching and relaxing.

Around 400 BC in Greece, Archytas was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have flown some.

* 1678: Ferdinand Verbiest built a model carriage relying on a steam jet for power. Sketch of John Barber's gas turbine, from his patent

The Science Museum now holds a collection of over 300, 000 items, including such famous items as Stephenson's Rocket, Puffing Billy ( the oldest surviving steam locomotive ), the first jet engine, a reconstruction of Francis Crick and James Watson's model of DNA, some of the earliest remaining steam engines, a working example of Charles Babbage's Difference engine ( and the latter, preserved half brain ), the first prototype of the 10, 000-year Clock of the Long Now, and documentation of the first typewriter.

Some need to be treated with spotting solvents — sometimes by steam jet or by soaking in special stain-remover liquids — before garments are washed or dry cleaned.

The second method is through use of a steam jet.

The steam jet oriented in the direction of flue gas flow induces flue gasses into the stack and allows for a greater flue gas velocity increasing the overall draught in the furnace.

The most popular are the internal combustion, steam, jet, and stirling model engine.

The resulting jet of high pressure steam from the engine hit the plane, causing it to crash-land nearby, the pilot was found dead, but no railway staff or passengers were injured.

In 1890 Laval developed a nozzle to increase the steam jet to supersonic speed, working off the kinetic energy of the steam, rather than its pressure.

Early jet engine work took place at GE's Syracuse, NY ( steam turbine ) and Lynn, MA ( supercharger ) plants, but soon concentrated at the Lynn plants.

The logo changed with the times: the Tower, transport ship and steam locomotive ; in later years, the Tower, the Bay Bridge, larger transport ship, diesel engine, the china clipper and later, a jet airplane.

This category encompasses all forms of engines, including steam engines, jet engines as well as piston engines etc.

Ray reinstalls the stolen steam ball, and makes his way to the control room to make a final escape with Scarlett on an emergency jet pack, while Eddie and Lloyd halt the machine over the Thames and leave as well.

He reported a narrow escape when, at the foot of the mountain, a jet of steam came out of the ground over which he and his party had just passed: " If it had struck any one of us we would have been scalded to death ".

Streams of vapour observed during the comet's 1835 apparition prompted astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel to propose that the jet forces of evaporating material could be great enough to significantly alter a comet's orbit.

Organic vapour jet printing ( OVJP ) uses an inert carrier gas, such as argon or nitrogen, to transport evaporated organic molecules ( as in Organic Vapor Phase Deposition ).

Another distinctive design feature is the gun which has a wider bore than the TV counterpart, no mantles and is depicted as projecting a pressurised jet of destructive, lethal vapour rather than an energy discharge.

Alan Stevenson wrote: " The effect of the jet d ' eau was at times extremely beautiful, the water being so broken as to form a snow-white and opaque pillar, surrounded by a fine vapour in which, during sunshine, beautiful rainbows were observed ".

Fuel supplies must be barged in via the Oubangui River or trucked overland through Cameroon, resulting in frequent shortages of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel.

The principle is best exemplified by the story of Johnson handing a team of design engineers a handful of tools, with the challenge that the jet aircraft they were designing must be repairable by an average mechanic in the field under combat conditions with only these tools.

Al Gore is often called a Limousine Liberal for his use of private jet planes and SUVs, while giving speeches telling Americans must cut back on their lifestyles.

In this case the final jet velocity must be zero.

Smaller, propeller-driven planes cannot cope with the conditions and must fly around them ; larger jet aircraft fly over the smaller ones and around larger examples.

Along with the release of these terrorists, Movement 2 June also indicated that a jet must be provided to fly the radicals from prison, and 9, 000 Deutsch Marks should be given to the terrorists.

It must detonate at a rate which will squeeze and disrupt a HEAT round's plasma jet.

At least some accretion discs produce jets, twin highly collimated and fast outflows that emerge in opposite directions from close to the disc ( the direction of the jet ejection must be determined either by the angular momentum axis of the disc or the spin axis of the black hole ).

The jet created by the explosion of the HEAT round must have a certain distance from the target and must not be deflected.

* Any flight departing over the city must head in a straight line until 2000 feet ( for turboprop aircraft ) or 3000 feet ( for jet aircraft ) before they are allowed to turn.

They know that they must purchase jet fuel for as long as they want to stay in business, and fuel prices are notoriously volatile.

To explain this in terms of the " narrow-angle " model, the jet must be no more than 19 ° from our line-of-sight.

A de Laval nozzle will only choke at the throat if the pressure and mass flow through the nozzle is sufficient to reach sonic speeds, otherwise no supersonic flow is achieved and it will act as a Venturi tube ; this requires the entry pressure to the nozzle to be significantly above ambient at all times ( equivalently, the stagnation pressure of the jet must be above ambient ).

The game allows the player to control a F-14 Tomcat jet, which must destroy a series of enemy jets throughout 18 stages.

Karan S ' jet must once again prepare for war.

There are many critiques of ecotourism as exploitative and a highly consumer centered and contradictory activity including the detrimental affects to the environment of the amount of jet engine fuel burned on the flight there and back, the additional amenities that must be built to cater to Western tourists expectations, the pollution and garbage associated with a Western lifestyle, the disturbance of flora and fauna and a bevy of other concerns expressed by environmentalist voices.

Paddle in surfing is the new frontier and history was made at Jaws Peahi where surfers must survive and catch the wave without the use of a jet ski.

Energy cells must must be collected throughout the game to power the weapons and jet pack.

Gates 4, 7, 8 and 11 do not have boarding bridges ( aka: jet bridge ), passengers must walk outside of the airport terminal on the Tarmac to board or de-plane ( departing or arriving ) aircraft at these four gates.

He has made so many jumps into the 1940s so quickly that he has developed " time-lag ", the time-travel-induced form of jet lag, and must recuperate before he returns to work.

In addition, leaping before thrusting substantially boosts horizontal movement, as the leap gives horizontal push while the jet boots must only manage the player's vertical ascent.

While modern engines with advanced control units can avoid many causes of stall, jet aircraft pilots must continue to take this into account when dropping airspeed or increasing throttle.