Among many achievements, Henry institutionalized common law by creating a unified system of law " common " to the country through incorporating and elevating local custom to the national, ending local control and peculiarities, eliminating arbitrary remedies and reinstating a jury system – citizens sworn on oath to investigate reliable criminal accusations and civil claims.

Jeopardy " attaches " when the jury is empanelled, the first witness is sworn, or a plea is accepted.

A jury is a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict ( a finding of fact on a question ) officially submitted to them by a court, or to set a penalty or judgment.

The word jury derives from ( Norman ) French, " juré ( sworn )".

The new law also stripped African Americans of the right to request a jury trial or to testify on their own behalf, even if they were legally free, whenever a single claimant presented a sworn affidavit of ownership.

However, difficulties arose over the assessments, so the justiciar ordered them to be made by a sworn jury in every hundred.

The petty jury having been sworn, the remaining portion of this awful scene was very quickly gone through.

Further, as officers of the court, attorneys have sworn an oath to uphold the law, and are ethically prohibited from directly advocating for jury nullification.

*" Shoeless " Joe Jackson, the star outfielder, one of the best hitters in the game, confessed in sworn grand jury testimony to having accepted $ 5, 000 cash from the gamblers.

If the defence, he concluded, rested on no solid foundation, then the jury must do their duty to the community at large and by the oath they had sworn.

* The jurisdiction of the Court leet: Exemplified in the articles which the jury or inquest for the King, in that court, is charged and sworn, and by law enjoined, to inquire of and present, W. Clarke and Sons ; 2d ed, with great additions, edition 1809

They will be called to it from the jury waiting area ( benches next to it ) to be sworn in.

" Within days of the Oct. 9 guilty verdict, two of the 12 jurors in Hedgecock's case alleged in sworn statements that Burroughs jury bailiff provided jurors with alcohol, told them stories, guided deliberations and pressured the jury to reach a quick verdict ," and even expressed his opinion that the defendant was guilty.

Even before the jury has been sworn in, a stealth juror, Nicholas Easter, has begun to quietly connive behind the scenes, in concert with a mysterious woman known only as Marlee.

On 24 September 2012, Collins appeared at St Albans Crown Court, when the jury were sworn in and the case adjourned until 26 September.

In March 2009 a Fulton County, Ga., State Court jury awarded $ 2. 3 million in damages to a 4-year-old boy and his mother for a botched circumcision in which too much tissue was removed causing permanent disfigurement.

During that period counties followed the traditional practice of requiring all decisions be made by at least twelve of the grand jurors, ( e. g., for a twenty-three-person grand jury, twelve people would constitute a bare majority ).

During the mid-14th Century, it was forbidden that persons who had sat on the Presenting Jury ( i. e., in modern parlance, the Grand Jury ) to sit on the trial jury for that crime.

Two-thirds of jury trials are criminal trials, while one-third are civil and " other " ( e. g., family, municipal ordinance, traffic ).

In the U. S., if the defendant is charged with a federal felony, he has the right to an indictment by a grand jury pursuant to the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.

On August 19, 2010, a federal grand jury at the U. S. District Court in Washington, D. C., indicted Clemens on six felony counts involving perjury, false statements and obstruction of Congress.

The Loewen Group, Inc., received a particularly large jury verdict in the State of Mississippi which was later found to be in error as the allegations against Loewen Group proved false.

Although The Flowering Peach by Clifford Odets was the preferred choice of the Pulitzer Prize jury in 1955 and Cat on a Hot Tin Roof was at first considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees, Joseph Pulitzer Jr., chairman of the Board, had seen Cat on a Hot Tin Roof and thought it worthy of the drama prize.

Although these biases tend to influence jurors ’ individual decisions during a trial, while working as part of a group ( i. e., jury ), these biases are typically controlled.

In law a witness might be compelled to provide testimony in court, before a grand jury, before an administrative tribunal, before a deposition officer, or in a variety of other proceedings ( e. g., judgment debtor examination ).

Sometimes the testimony is provided in public or in a confidential setting ( e. g., grand jury or closed court proceeding ).

On March 1, 1974, a grand jury in Washington, D. C., indicted several former aides of President Nixon, who became known as the " Watergate Seven ": Haldeman, Ehrlichman, Mitchell, Charles Colson, Gordon C. Strachan, Robert Mardian and Kenneth Parkinson, for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation.

In the American legal system, the right of jury trial in civil cases tried in federal court is guaranteed by the Seventh Amendment, but only " n Suits at common law ," i. e., in cases that traditionally would have been handled by the law courts.

Trials, at which witnesses and other evidence are presented to a jury or judge in order to determine the truth or facts regarding a particular case, are held only in courts with original jurisdiction, i. e., courts in which a lawsuit is originally ( and properly ) filed and which have the power to accept evidence from witnesses and make factual and legal determinations regarding the evidence presented.

The jury ruled that Simon's company, William E. Simon & Sons, defrauded Paul Hindelang, Jr., a convicted drug trafficker, in a deal to take over Hindelang's pay phone company, Pacific Coin.

The sheer difficulty of residents to perform their civic duties ( e. g., report to assigned polling places or attend jury trials ) made it necessary for local governing authorities to parcel out the land into smaller municipalities.

This is evidenced by such decisions as the 1839 case Stettinius v. U. S., in which it was held that " The defense can argue law to the jury before the court gives instructions.

The immediate impetus was the false arrest, unfair trial ( reflecting the most profound of anti-Semitic sentiments on the part of the jury ) and conviction of Leo Frank, president of the Gate City, Ga., B ' nai B ' rith lodge.

In 2011-07-26, a Texas jury awarded $ 5. 4 million to Convolve Inc. in the lawsuit against Dell Inc., Western Digital Corp. and Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Inc. over the infringement of ' 473 patent.

Under the judicial systems of the U. S., once a decision is approved to arrest a suspect, or bind him over for trial, either by a prosecutor issuing an information, a grand jury issuing a true bill or indictment, or a judge issuing an arrest warrant, the suspect can then be properly called a defendant, or the accused.

( U. S. D. C., Central District of California Case No. 2: 2010-cv-07631-JHN-PLA ), was settled on August 2, 2012 ( while the jury was deliberating ).

An incorporated territory of the United States is a specific area under the jurisdiction of the United States, over which the United States Congress has determined that the United States Constitution is to be applied to the territory's local government and inhabitants in its entirety ( e. g., citizenship, trial by jury ), in the same manner as it applies to the local governments and residents of the U. S. states.

The Flowering Peach was the preferred choice of the Pulitzer Prize jury in 1955, but under pressure from Joseph Pulitzer Jr., the prize went instead to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof, which the jury considered the weakest of the five shortlisted nominees.

Historically, one of the best known nominal damage awards was the farthing that the jury awarded to James Whistler in his libel suit against John Ruskin.

The grand jury was later recognized by King John in Magna Carta in 1215 on demand of the nobility.

The same year, trial by jury became a pretty explicit right in one of the most influential clauses of Magna Carta, signed by King John.

* 1964 – A jury in Dallas, Texas, finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald, assumed assassin of John F. Kennedy.

Judge John T. Raulston accelerated the convening of the grand jury and "... all but instructed the grand jury to indict Scopes, despite the meager evidence against him and the widely reported stories questioning whether the willing defendant had ever taught evolution in the classroom.

* March 14 – A Dallas, Texas jury finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing John F. Kennedy assassin Lee Harvey Oswald.

A jury in neighboring Virginia Beach sentenced his older partner John Allen Muhammad to death for another of the attacks.

And from the evidence presented, we the jury recommend that Harry Lenzi, as principal and now at large, be apprehended, and that Modesto Lenzi and John May, as accessories before the fact, be held to the Grand Jury on the charge of murder, until released by due process of law.

During the next few months, Cox, the United States Senate Watergate Committee, and U. S. District Judge John J. Sirica struggled with the Nixon Administration over whether Nixon could be compelled to yield those tapes in response to a grand jury subpoena.

Although John of Gaunt probably never came to Aylsham, the townspeople enjoyed many privileges, including exemption from jury service outside the manor and from payment of certain taxes.

The rest of the Supreme Court had nothing to do with Merryman, and the other two justices from the South, John Catron and James Moore Wayne, acted as Unionists ; for instance, Catron's charge to a Saint Louis grand jury, saying that armed resistance to the federal government was treason, was quoted in the New York Tribune of July 14, 1861.

Almost a century later in 1649, in the first known attempt to argue for jury nullification, a jury likewise acquitted John Lilburne for his part in inciting a rebellion against the Cromwell regime.

In the 1895 in the case of Sparf v. United States written by Justice John Marshall Harlan, the United States Supreme Court held 5 to 4 that a trial judge has no responsibility to inform the jury of the right to nullify laws.

In January 1968, New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison, certain there had been a New Orleans-based conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy, subpoenaed Thornley to appear before a grand jury, questioning him about his relationship with Oswald and his knowledge of other figures Garrison believed to be connected to the assassination.

On June 3, the grand jury endorsed indictments against Rebecca Nurse and John Willard, but it is not clear why they did not go to trial immediately as well.

Gentlemen of the Jury, an 1861 painting by John Morgan ( artist ) | John Morgan of a jury in Aylesbury

In 1989 she appeared on Broadway in Love Letters with her husband John Clark, and thereafter they performed the play around the country, and on one occasion for the jury in the O. J. Simpson case.

Although the term has rarely been used in North America, a notable example of such use was when John Adams successfully defended the British Army soldiers responsible for the 1770 Boston Massacre by pleading to the jury that the soldiers were acting in self defence against:

* August 4-At the end of the trial of John Zenger for seditious libel in the New York Weekly Journal, he is found not guilty by the jury.