An LTI system is completely specified by its transfer function ( which is a rational function for digital and lumped analog LTI systems ).

The distinction between lumped and distributed LTI systems is important.

The Debye model and the Lorentz model use a 1st-order and 2nd-order ( respectively ) lumped system parameter linear representation ( such as an RC and an LRC resonant circuit ).

If the number of state variables necessary to describe future output is finite, the system is lumped ; if it is infinite, the system is distributed.

For example, a Biot number less than 0. 1 typically indicates less than 5 % error will be present when assuming a lumped-capacitance model of transient heat transfer ( also called lumped system analysis ).

* accrual system ( aka differed community of property )-marital property is owned separately during the marriage, but after marriage ( divorce, death of a spouse ), the net assets are lumped together as property in joint tenancy and divided.

The lumped element model ( also called lumped parameter model, or lumped component model ) simplifies the description of the behaviour of spatially distributed physical systems into a topology consisting of discrete entities that approximate the behaviour of the distributed system under certain assumptions.

During BSD's period of legal turmoil, the nearly-complete GNU operating system was made operational by the inclusion of the Linux kernel, and countless operating systems, lumped together under the label " GNU / Linux ", emerged that were based on this combination.

Macro-level models are the mathematical model at system level, which defines the relationship among system input variables, system state variables, and system measures variables / outputs where the model is often a somewhat simplified representation of the system, for example a lumped parameter model.

The following discussion uses the simplest case, where the system has two lumped springs and two lumped masses, and only two mode shapes are assumed.

There is a long history of work attempting to build good ontologies for a variety of task domains, including early work on an ontology for liquids, the lumped element model widely used in representing electronic circuits ( e. g .,), as well as ontologies for time, belief, and even programming itself.

Like alum-tawing, rawhide is not technically " leather ", but is usually lumped in with the other forms.

The Fagaceae, or oak family, is a very slow evolving clade compared to other angiosperms, and the patterns of hybridization and introgression in Quercus pose a great challenge to the concept of a species since a species is often defined as a group of “ actually or potentially interbreeding populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups .” By this definition, many species of Quercus would be lumped together according to their geographic and ecological habitat, despite clear distinctions in morphology and, to a large extent, genetic data.

A distributed Raman amplifier is one in which the transmission fiber is utilised as the gain medium by multiplexing a pump wavelength with signal wavelength, while a lumped Raman amplifier utilises a dedicated, shorter length of fiber to provide amplification.

In the case of a lumped Raman amplifier highly nonlinear fiber with a small core is utilised to increase the interaction between signal and pump wavelengths and thereby reduce the length of fiber required.

It should be emphasised that the cutoff effect is an artifact of using lumped inductors.

Many reviewers lumped many of the new acts together ; as Newsweeks David Gates wrote: " Good song, good voice, hot band: who cares which one it is this time?

An increasing share of the subsidies is being decoupled from production and lumped into the Single Farm Payment.

Most sedimentary material that fills a basin (" basin fill ") that is not lithified is typically lumped together in the term alluvial.

System analysis by the lumped capacitance model is a common approximation in transient conduction that may be used whenever heat conduction within an object is much faster than heat conduction across the boundary of the object.

Friendly fire that is the result of apparent recklessness or incompetence may be improperly lumped into this category.

Since it is not easy to produce an electromagnetic expression for the railgun force that is both simple and reasonably accurate, most simple railgun analyses actually used a lumped circuit model to describe the relationship between the driving current and the railgun force.

Electrical networks that consist only of sources ( voltage or current ), linear lumped elements ( resistors, capacitors, inductors ), and linear distributed elements ( transmission lines ) can be analyzed by algebraic and transform methods to determine DC response, AC response, and transient response.

Captain James Cook discovered the southern eight islands of the Sandwich Islands Group in 1775, although he lumped the southernmost three together, and their status as separate islands was not established until 1820 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.

So it seems that, of all the ungulates, only Perissodactyla and Artiodactyla descended from condylarths — assuming that the animals lumped by scientists into Condylarthra over the years are even related to one another.

Historically, all fossil Onychophora and lobopods were lumped into the taxon Xenusia, further subdivided by some authors to the Paleozoic Udeonychophora and the Mesozoic / Tertiary Ontonychophora ; living Onychophora were termed Euonychophora.

Szechuan pepper should be distinguished from Japanese pepper or sanshō ( Z. piperitum ), even though both are at times lumped together in commerce and by ill-informed food writers.

Perhaps the most confusing of all the various formats that are lumped together under the term dime novel are the so-called “ thick-book ” series, largely published by Street & Smith, J. S. Ogilvie and Arthur Westbrook.

Robertson believed that MP3. com received unfair treatment by being lumped in with the Napster copyright case which took place during the same period.

Although Arminius and Wesley both vehemently rejected this view, it has sometimes inaccurately been lumped together with theirs ( particularly by Calvinists ) because of other similarities in their respective systems such as conditional election, unlimited atonement, and prevenient grace.

While modern cartridges and cartridge firearms are generally referred to by the cartridge name, they are still lumped together based on bore diameter.

The subfamily is now contained in the Sminthopsinae subfamily, and the two genera are split between two different tribes ; the planigales are by themselves in their own tribe, while the ningaui are lumped with the dunnarts and the Kultarr.

Ranke showed little interest in the work of modern history because of his dissatisfaction with what he regarded as history books that were merely a collection of facts lumped together by modern historians.

Javan, Bornean and Brown-winged were formerly lumped as Sunda Whistling Thrush, but split by Collar ( 2004 ).

They were formerly lumped with waxwings and Hypocolius in the family Bombycillidae, and they are listed in that family by the Sibley-Monroe checklist.

The big September / October Allied breakthroughs ( north, centre and south ) across the length of the Hindenburg Line-including the Battle of the Argonne Forest-are now lumped together as part of what is generally remembered as the Grand Offensive ( also known as the Hundred Days Offensive ) by the Allies on the Western front.

Real-world components exhibit non-ideal characteristics which are, in reality, distributed elements but are often represented to a first-order approximation by lumped elements.

This is in contrast to the more common lumped element model, which assumes that these values are lumped into electrical components that are joined by perfectly conducting wires.

The use of infinitesimals will often require the application of calculus whereas circuits analysed by the lumped element model can be solved with linear algebra.

Where reflections are present on the line, quite short lengths of line can exhibit effects that are simply not predicted by the lumped element model.

Intuitively, this has the consequence that all points of the space are " lumped together " and cannot be distinguished by topological means ; it belongs to a pseudometric space in which the distance between any two points is zero.

Actual passive two-terminal components can be represented by some network of lumped and distributed ideal inductors, capacitors, and resistors, in the sense that the real component behaves as the network does.