In contrast to the direct innervation of the medulla, the cortex is regulated by neuroendocrine hormones secreted from the pituitary gland which are under the control of the hypothalamus, as well as by the renin-angiotensin system.

< sup > 177 </ sup > Lu-DOTA-TATE is used for radionuclide therapy ( see Nuclear medicine ) on neuroendocrine tumours.

It is presumed that the innervation from the POA to the PVN mediates the neuroendocrine effects of fever through the pathway involving pituitary gland and various endocrine organs.

* Biochemical: Eating behavior is a complex process controlled by the neuroendocrine system of which the Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-axis ( HPA axis ) is a major component.

Guinea pigs learn to recognize and bond with other individual guinea pigs, and testing of boars shows that their neuroendocrine stress response is significantly lowered in the presence of a bonded female when compared to the presence of unfamiliar females.

Hexokinase IV is present in the liver, pancreas, hypothalamus, small intestine, and perhaps certain other neuroendocrine cells, and plays an important regulatory role in carbohydrate metabolism.

CRH is produced by parvocellular neuroendocrine cells ( which are contained within the paraventricular nucleus ) of the hypothalamus and is released at the median eminence from neurosecretory terminals of these neurons into the primary capillary plexus of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system.

The neuroendocrine system is typical of insects.

Since the hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine center ( affecting aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as other functions such as body temperature ), this may explain how scents influence aggressive and mating behavior.

A pheochromocytoma or phaeochromocytoma ( PCC ) is a neuroendocrine tumor of the medulla of the adrenal glands ( originating in the chromaffin cells ), or extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue that failed to involute after birth and secretes excessive amounts of catecholamines, usually noradrenaline ( norepinephrine ), and adrenaline ( epinephrine ) to a lesser extent.

Although the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia is poorly understood, multiple biologic pathways are known to be involved, including proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, neuroendocrine hormones, IGF-1, and tumor-specific factors such as proteolysis inducing factor.

Similarly, chemotherapy or radiotherapy with infused or injected agents can be made more efficacious by attaching the agent to an oncophilic substance, as is done in peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for neuroendocrine tumors and in chemoembolization or radioactive microspheres therapy for liver tumors and metastases.

An exercise physiologist's area of study may include but is not limited to biochemistry, bioenergetics, cardiopulmonary function, hematology, biomechanics, skeletal muscle physiology, neuroendocrine function, and central and peripheral nervous system function.

Somatostatin is produced by neuroendocrine neurons of the periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus.

Lanreotide ( INN ) is a medication used in the management of acromegaly and symptoms caused by neuroendocrine tumors, most notably carcinoid syndrome.

The PVN is highly vascularised and is protected by the blood – brain barrier, although its neuroendocrine neurons extend to sites ( in the median eminence and in the posterior pituitary ) beyond the blood – brain barrier.

It is composed of 116 amino acids and is produced by parafollicular cells ( C cells ) of the thyroid and by the neuroendocrine cells of the lung and the intestine.

* Activity of the immune system is correlated with neurochemical / neuroendocrine activity of brain cells.

It is present in neuroendocrine cells and in virtually all neurons in the brain and spinal cord that participate in synaptic transmission.

A substantial increase in the plasma concentration of growth hormone was reported in some epileptic patients during taurine tolerance testing ( oral dose of 50 mg / kg bw / day ), suggesting a potential to stimulate the hypothalamus and to modify neuroendocrine function.

In addition to the neuroendocrine blood hormone signaling system initiated by the hypothalamus, the spinal cord communicates with the rest of the body by innervating the peripheral nervous system.

* The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which contains neuroendocrine neurons that synthesize and secrete vasopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone ( CRH ).

The results showed that in response to unpleasant images, SDI showed decreased activity in several neuroendocrine markers, including norepinephrine, cortisol, and adrenocorticotropic hormone levels.

For example, the secretion of growth hormone is controlled by two neuroendocrine systems: the growth hormone-releasing hormone ( GHRH ) neurons and the somatostatin neurons, which stimulate and inhibit GH secretion, respectively.

The peptides secreted by hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons into the blood proved to be released also into the brain, and the central actions often appeared to complement the peripheral actions.

The DNES ( diffuse neuroendocrine system ) cells of the ileum secrete various hormones ( gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin ) into the blood.

There was also renewed laboratory research into the neuroendocrine, molecular, and immunological bases of stress, conceived as a useful heuristic not necessarily tied to Selye's original hypotheses.

The WHO now divides these growths into neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine cancers.

After antigens initiate an immune response, these white blood cells send signals, composed of cytokines and other hormonal proteins, to the brain and neuroendocrine system.

He also studied the role of the limbic system ( particularly the septal area ) on many behaviors and functions, such as the control of blood pressure, the neuroendocrine regulation of reproductive behavior, etc.

Preload increases with exercise ( slightly ), increasing blood volume ( overtransfusion, polycythemia ) and neuroendocrine excitement ( sympathetic tone ).

An example of a neuroendocrine cell is a cell of the adrenal medulla ( innermost part of the adrenal gland ) which releases adrenaline to the blood.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor that results in the release of too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, hormones that control heart rate, metabolism, and blood pressure.

Second, the neurons of the neuroendocrine system are large ; they are mini factories for producing secretory products ; their nerve terminal are large and organised in coherent terminal fields ; their output can often be measured easily in the blood ; and what these neurons do and what stimuli they respond to are readily open to hypothesis and experiment.

Extremely high levels of catecholamine can also be caused by neuroendocrine tumors in the adrenal medulla, a treatable condition known as pheochromocytoma.

In very rare cases, gastric varices are caused by splenic vein occlusion as a result of the mass effect of slow-growing pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.

Another study by McClintock and Stern ( 1998 ) investigated the possible existence of pheromone release / perception by human females as the possible mechanism for manipulation of the human menstrual cycle, the idea being that humans produced compounds that regulate neuroendocrine mechanisms in others, without the other party being aware of this event or consciously detecting any odor.

Stereotype threat may also activate a neuroendocrine stress response, as measured by increased levels of cortisol while under threat.

And these, too, have become, by extension, neuroendocrine systems.

The neuroendocrine system of insects consists primarily of neurosecretory cells in the brain, the corpora cardiaca, corpora allata and the prothoracic glands.

Hence, neuroendocrine neurons are good " model systems " for studying general questions, like " how does a neuron regulate the synthesis, packaging, and secretion of its product?