Therefore, a great number of approximate methods strive to achieve the best trade-off between accuracy and computational cost.

In computer music this subtle ingredient is bought at a high computational cost, both in terms of the number of items requiring detail in a score and in the amount of interpretive work the instruments must produce to realize this detail in sound.

A number of computational models have been developed in cognitive science to explain the development from novice to expert.

Here n is the number of digits of precision at which the natural logarithm is to be evaluated and M ( n ) is the computational complexity of multiplying two n-digit numbers.

Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, experiments have been carried out in which quantum computational operations were executed on a very small number of qubits ( quantum bits ).

Note that using a hierarchical system like this ( assuming it is done carefully ) changes the intersection computational time from a linear dependence on the number of objects to something between linear and a logarithmic dependence.

In computational complexity theory, the complexity class # P ( pronounced " number P " or, sometimes " sharp P " or " hash P ") is the set of the counting problems associated with the decision problems in the set NP.

# P-complete, pronounced " sharp P complete " or " number P complete " is a complexity class in computational complexity theory.

In order to handle the vast number of structural possibilities, researchers often create a ' virtual library ', a computational enumeration of all possible structures of a given pharmacophore with all available reactants.

In computational geometry, a number of algorithms are known for computing the convex hull for a finite set of points and for other geometric objects.

The Mersenne Twister has been optimized for use with Monte Carlo simulations in a number of fields, including simulating complex biochemical pathways, photon migration, genome coalescence, cellular biology, and computational finance.

Note that here we are not concerned about the number of computational steps, or the size of the computer memory used.

The time-stepping usually requires a nearest neighbor sorting step to reduce the number of possible contact pairs and decrease the computational requirements ; this is often only performed periodically.

* The maximum number of particles, and duration of a virtual simulation is limited by computational power.

Introduced by Jacobi in 1837, it is of theoretical interest in modular arithmetic and other branches of number theory, but its main use is in computational number theory, especially primality testing and integer factorization ; these in turn are important in cryptography.

The computational complexity estimates involve the number of buckets.

Phylogenetic trees among a nontrivial number of input sequences are constructed using computational phylogenetics methods.

He has published over sixty technical papers on finance and mathematical optimization, and holds a number of patents in computational finance.

For discrete filters the computational complexity is more or less proportional to the number of filter coefficients.

NIGMS produces a number of free science education materials on topics such as cell biology, genetics, chemistry, pharmacology, structural biology and computational biology.

It misses an important point, though: the shortfall is not linear ; rather it is a matter of performing an infinite number of computational steps in a finite time.

Part of the appeal of computational descriptions is that they are relatively easy to interpret, and thus may be seen as contributing to our understanding of particular mental processes, whereas connectionist models are in general more opaque, to the extent that they may be describable only in very general terms ( such as specifying the learning algorithm, the number of units, etc.

* PM3 ( chemistry ), or Parameterized Model number 3-a modelling method in computational chemistry

In computational number theory, the Lucas test is a primality test for a natural number n ; it requires that the prime factors of n − 1 be already known.

Although there were no startling developments in shotgun design this year, a number of new models and variations of existing models did hit the market.

In the early 1990s a small number of BBSes were also running on the Commodore Amiga models 500, 1000 and 1200 ( using external hard drives ), and the Amiga 2000, Amiga 3000 and Amiga 4000 ( which had built-in hard drives ).

Furthermore, the history of a number of ongoing experiments in multiculturalism, such as in the European Union, India, South Africa, Canada and the United States, suggests that workable, if not perfected, integrative models exist.

A number of such devices fit various makes and models of drivetrains.

Species-area models are known to overpredict the number of species known to be threatened in areas where actual deforestation is ongoing, and greatly overpredict the number of threatened species that are widespread.

The two main data models at this time were the hierarchical model, epitomized by IBM's IMS system, and the Codasyl model ( Network model ), implemented in a number of products such as IDMS.

Other more recent models are Phaeaco ( implemented by Harry Foundalis ) and SeqSee ( Abhijit Mahabal ), which model high-level perception and analogy-making in the microdomains of Bongard problems and number sequences, respectively, as well as George ( Francisco Lara-Dammer ), which models the processes of perception and discovery in triangle geometry.

Examples include the mathematical models that describe the swinging of a clock pendulum, the flow of water in a pipe, and the number of fish each springtime in a lake.

A number of research groups have experimented with the use of telomerase inhibitors in animal models, and as of 2005 and 2006 phase I and II human clinical trials are underway.

The total fertility rate has been rated around 1. 4 in 2010 ( the highest value since 1990 ) and has recently even been estimated at 1. 6 after accounting for the fact that older women contribute more to the number of births than in previous statistic models, and total fertility rates increased in younger generations.

The reason is that these galaxy formation models predict a large number of mergers.

A number of other GUT models are based upon subgroups of SO ( 10 ).

There are a number of models of the copper IUD available around the world.

In his 1998 paper, Japan's Trap, Princeton economics professor Paul Krugman argued that based on a number of models, Japan had a new option.

Before becoming a manga artist, Asamiya graduated from the Tokyo Designer School, then worked as a character designer for a number of anime series, and even designed models for some of the later Godzilla films ( 1980s ).

However, an attempt to convert this interesting geometrical construction into a bona-fide model of reality founders on a number of issues, including the fact that the fermions must be introduced in an artificial way ( in nonsupersymmetric models ).

Contemporary examples of libertarian socialist organizational and decision-making models in practice include a number of anti-capitalist and global justice movements including Zapatista Councils of Good Government and the Global Indymedia network ( which covers 45 countries on six continents ).

* Accelerometers in consumer electronics devices such as game controllers ( Nintendo Wii ), personal media players / cell phones ( Apple iPhone, various Nokia mobile phone models, various HTC PDA models ) and a number of Digital Cameras ( various Canon Digital IXUS models ).

The initial results of using these models to estimate the number of monopoles created in the big bang contradicted cosmological observations — the monopoles would have been so plentiful and massive that they would have long since halted the expansion of the universe.