American philosopher Michael Martin argues that it is not necessarily true that objective moral truths must entail the existence of God, suggesting that there could be alternative explanations: he argues that naturalism may be an acceptable explanation and, even if a supernatural explanation is necessary, it does not have to be God ( polytheism is a viable alternative ).

The popularization of the Jewish chant may be found in the writings of the Jewish philosopher Philo, born 20 BCE.

The German philosopher, Gottfried Leibniz, came up with what is now called Leibniz's law ( see Identity of indiscernibles ) that may have some bearing on the question.

Whereas a theologian elaborates rationally or experientially on the nature of God, a philosopher of religion is more interested in asking what may be knowable and opinable regarding religion's claims.

While pressure may be measured in any unit of force divided by any unit of area, the SI unit of pressure ( the newton per square metre ) is called the pascal ( Pa ) after the seventeenth-century philosopher and scientist Blaise Pascal.

One may also include the philosopher Derrida in a list of users of paradoxes.

Possibly, the first study about the power of language may be attributed to the philosopher Empedocles ( d. ca.

Rousseau most commonly refers to 18th-century Swiss author and philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and it may also refer to:

The originator of the problem of evil is often cited as the Greek philosopher Epicurus, and his argument may be schematized as follows:

Christian philosopher Peter Kreeft provides several answers to the problem of evil and suffering, including that a ) God may use short-term evils for long-range goods, b ) God created the possibility of evil, but not the evil itself, and that free will was necessary for the highest good of real love.

Charles Malik, Lebanese philosopher and diplomat, called it " an international document of the first order of importance ," while Eleanor Roosevelt, first chairwoman of the Commission on Human Rights ( CHR ) that drafted the Declaration, stated that it " may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere.

Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.

The critical function of cultural relativism is widely understood ; philosopher John Cook observed that " It is aimed at getting people to admit that although it may seem to them that their moral principles are self-evidently true, and hence seem to be grounds for passing judgement on other peoples, in fact, the self-evidence of these principles is a kind of illusion ".

Commentators may have confused the philosopher with an athletic trainer, Pythagoras of Samos, but it is also possible the trainer and the philosopher were the same person.

Aristotle reported that it was believed Alcman died from a pustulant infestation of lice ( phthiriasis ), but he may have been mistaken for the philosopher Alcmaeon of Croton.

In the past few years, other unexpected voices are however beginning to question what they interpret, as the new philosopher Alain Finkielkraut coined the term, as an " Ideology of miscegenation " ( une idéologie du métissage ) that may come from what one other philosopher, Pascal Bruckner, defined as the " Sob of the White man " ( le sanglot de l ' homme blanc ).

Alternatively, it may have been named for the famous French-American philosopher Michel Guillaume Jean de Crèvecœur, who hypothesized on what is the true American.

He may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.

Observing the circular dependence of theory and observation in science, and classifying the sciences in this way, Comte may be regarded as the first philosopher of science in the modern sense of the term.

Morrell's lovers may have included the philosopher Bertrand Russell, the writer Dorothy Bussy, the painters Augustus John, and Henry Lamb, the artist Dora Carrington, the art historian Roger Fry, and in her later years, there was even a brief affair with a gardener, Lionel Gomme, who was employed at Garsington.

Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature — part of the condition of being human ; poverty, he argues, may result from any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.

Much of the responsibility for this may be attributed to Pufendorf's feuds with Leibniz, since they were often intellectual adversaries ; indeed, Leibniz once dismissed Pufendorf as " vir parum jurisconsultus et minime philosophus " ( roughly: " He is not much of a lawyer, and least of all a philosopher ").

Socrates uses the parable of the ship to illustrate this point: the unjust city is like a ship in open ocean, crewed by a powerful but drunken captain ( the common people ), a group of untrustworthy advisors who try to manipulate the captain into giving them power over the ship's course ( the politicians ), and a navigator ( the philosopher ) who is the only one who knows how to get the ship to port.

For example, the ancient Jaina Anekantavada principle of Mahavira ( c. 599 – 527 BC ) states that truth and reality are perceived differently from diverse points of view, and that no single point of view is the complete truth ; and the Greek philosopher Protagoras ( c. 481 – 420 BC ) famously asserted that " man is the measure of all things ".

Owing to Wagner's relationship with the then unknown philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, the first Bayreuth festival is cited as a key turning point in Nietzsche's philosophical development.

For the 20th century philosopher Jean-François Lyotard the regicide was the starting point of all French thought, the memory of which acts as a reminder that French modernity began under the sign of a crime.

Allan Franklin, a former high energy experimentalist and current philosopher of science at the University of Colorado has tried to rebut this point by Holton.

During the September 2008 discussion between the Slovenian philosopher Slavoj Žižek and Bernard-Henri Lévy on the issues surrounding the historical and social significance of May 1968 in France, Žižek brought up Underground and Kusturica to Lévy by saying: " Let me find another point of contact with you.

Admirers like Soellner point out that Shakespeare's text has Timon neither drink wine nor eat meat: only water and roots are specifically mentioned as being in his diet, which is also true of Apemantus, the philosopher.

More recently, in the essay De la guerre en philosophie ( 2010 ), Lévy was publicly embarrassed when he used, as a central point of his refutation of Kant, the writings of French " philosopher " Jean-Baptiste Botul.

:* Alexander Zelitchenko: a Russian psychologist, philosopher, theologian and historian in his Svet Zhizni ( Light of Life ) continues elaboration of Spengler's theory from the point of view of developmental psychology correcting some minor errors and shows how changing one other cultures develop human psyche creating new patterns of mental activity.

Denying fascism's claim to philosophical respectability, Hobsbawm writes ," Theory was not the strong point of movements devoted to the inadequancies of reason and rationalism and the superiority of instinct and will " and further on the same page " Mussolini could have readily dispensed with his house philosopher, Giovanni Gentile, and Hitler probably neither knew nor cared about the support of the philosopher Heidegger.

German philosophy was the topic talked about most frequently and, from this point forward, Bakhtin considered himself more a philosopher than a literary scholar.

Quantum logic has been proposed as the correct logic for propositional inference generally, most notably by the philosopher Hilary Putnam, at least at one point in his career.

The high point of such writing was the work of the seventeenth-century philosopher Zera Yacob, who has been compared to Descartes, and of his disciple, Walda Heywat.

Richard Kroner ( 8 March 1884, Breslau – 2 November 1974, Mammern ) was a German neo-Hegelian philosopher, known for his Von Kant bis Hegel ( 1921 / 4 ), a classic history of German idealism written from the neo-Hegelian point of view.

The philosopher Michel Henry defines life from a phenomenological point of view as that which possesses the faculty and the power " of feeling and experiencing oneself in every point of its being ".

One is not “ a philosopher ”, as at some point one must / will cease the activities that define the self as " a philosopher ".

Gestos e Fragmentos ( 1982 ), approaches the relation between the military forces and power in Portugal, based in the experiences of Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho, in the point of view of the philosopher and writer Eduardo Lourenço and the American director Robert Kramer.

His admiration for the Greek philosopher Heraclitus deepened to such lengths that at one point Saarikoski adopted the philosopher's colloquial name " The Obscure ", " Hämärä " in Finnish, to his poetry.

The philosopher Immanuel Kant made an analogy to Copernicus when describing a problem from a different point of view, and some later philosophers have called it his " Copernican revolution ".