There we see a basically simple phonemic system enmeshed in a very complex and puzzling morphophonemic system.

And the more complex the morphophonemic system is in relation to the phonemic base, the less easily a phonemic system will be analysed without close attention to the morphophonemics -- at least, the less satisfying will a phonemic statement be if it cannot be related through morphophonemic rules to grammatically meaningful structures.

When voicing was lost in all dialects except the Wu group, this distinction became phonemic, and the system of initials and tones was rearranged differently in each of the major groups.

NOAD includes a diacritical respelling scheme to convey pronunciations, as opposed to the Gimson phonemic IPA system that is used in NODE.

Written modern Icelandic derives from the Old Norse phonemic writing system.

* A simple, logical phonemic spelling system has been proven effective for teaching students students to read in less than three months in 300 or more alphabetic languages.

In general, the ten-vowel system of Classical Latin ( not counting the Greek letter y ), which relied on phonemic vowel length, was newly modelled into one in which vowel length distinctions lost phonemic importance, and qualitative distinctions of height became more prominent.

Pitman's system uses a phonemic orthography.

" In other words, ISV terms are often made with Greek, Latin, or other combining forms, but each language pronounces the resulting neo-lexemes within its own phonemic " comfort zone ," and makes morphological connections using its normal morphological system.

A phonemic system would therefore not be universal.

Standard Hungarian has 14 vowels in a symmetrical system: seven short vowels ( a, e, i, o, ö, u, ü ) and seven long ones, which are written with an acute accent in the case of á, é, í, ó, ú, and with the double acute in the case of ő, ű. Vowel length has phonemic significance in Hungarian, that is, it distinguishes different words and grammatical forms.

Technically this represented a largely phonemic transcription system, as Min Nan was not commonly written in Chinese.

Mackenzie writes that the present Kurdish standard called Soranî is in fact an idealized version of the Silêmanî dialect, which uses the phonemic system of the Píjhdar and Mukrî dialects.

The Cheyenne orthography of 14 letters is neither a pure phonemic system nor a phonetic transcription ; it is, in the words of linguist Wayne Leman, a " pronunciation orthography ".

Kazakh has a vertical vowel system in that backness is not phonemic ; however, it is not one-dimensional.

A phonemic orthography is an orthography ( system for writing a language ) in which the graphemes ( written symbols ) correspond to the phonemes ( significant spoken sounds ) of the language.

In order to maintain a phonemic orthography such a system would need periodic updating, as has been attempted by various language regulators and proposed by other spelling reformers.

While the phonemes can be very easily stated, no one is likely to be satisfied with the statement until phonemic occurrences can be related in some way to morphemic units, i.e. until the morphophonemics is worked out, or at least far enough that it seems reasonable to expect success.

While phonemes are normally conceived of as abstractions of discrete segmental speech sounds ( vowels and consonants ), there are other features of pronunciation – principally tone and stress – which in some languages can change the meaning of words in the way that phoneme contrasts do, and are consequently called phonemic features of those languages.

The particular sounds which are phonemic in a language can change over time.

A TTS Engine converts written text to a phonemic representation, then converts the phonemic representation to waveforms that can be output as sound.

The latter can be subdivided into phonemic transcription, which records the phonemes or units of semantic meaning in speech, and more strict phonetic transcription, which records speech sounds with precision.

Languages rarely have perfectly phonemic orthographies ; a high degree of grapheme-phoneme correspondence can be expected in orthographies based on alphabetic writing systems, but these orthographies differ in the degree to which they are in fact fully phonemic.

Another terminology is that of deep and shallow orthographies, where the depth of an orthography is the degree to which it diverges from being truly phonemic ( this concept can also be applied to non-alphabetic writing systems like syllabaries ).

Systems like IPA can be used for phonemic representation or for showing more detailed phonetic information ( see Narrow vs. broad transcription ).

This change can be allophonic variation, or it can have become phonemic.

The theory proposed that because this primal language had close phonemic resemblances to Turkic, all other languages can essentially be traced back to Turkic roots.

Both methods can use the same sets of symbols, but linguists usually denote phonemic transcriptions by enclosing them in slashes / ... /, while phonetic transcriptions are enclosed in square brackets.

Similarly, the phonemic contrastiveness of nasalization can be seen in sii, " to be giving birth ," vs., " to build ".

Lexical stress ( word stress ) is regarded as being phonemic in English ; the position of the stress is generally unpredictable and can serve to distinguish words.

There can be problems in different parts of the speech production system, hence patients can present with articulatory breakdown, phonemic breakdown ( difficulties with sounds ) and other problems.

Girgis does not display a phonemic difference between the stop set / p, t, k / and / b, d, g /; these stops can also be aspirated to tʰ, kʰ in Chinese loanwords.

The point that the same grapheme can have many " meanings " is even more obvious considering e. g. the letter U, which has entirely different phonemic referents in the various languages that use it in their orthographies ( English etc., French, German, etc., not to mention various uses of U as a symbol ).

In Cockney, Estuary English and New Zealand English, l-vocalization can be accompanied by phonemic mergers of vowels before the vocalized, so that real, reel and rill, which are distinct in most dialects of English, are homophones as.

There has been a tendency on the part of many American linguists to assume that a phonemic transcription will automatically be the best possible orthography and that the only real problem will then be the social one of securing acceptance.

In a perfectly phonemic orthography there would be a consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes, so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.

In other cases, an allophone may be chosen to represent its phoneme because it is more common in the world's languages than the other allophones, because it reflects the historical origin of the phoneme, or because it gives a more balanced look to a chart of the phonemic inventory.

Within linguistics there are differing views as to exactly what phonemes are and how a given language should be analyzed in phonemic terms.

For languages whose writing systems employ the phonemic principle, ordinary letters may be used to denote phonemes, although this approach is often hampered by the complexity of the relationship between orthography and pronunciation ( see Correspondence between letters and phonemes below ).

The position of the stress in the word affects the meaning, and therefore a full phonemic specification ( providing enough detail to enable the word to be pronounced unambiguously ) would include indication of the position of the stress: for the verb, for the noun.

In languages in which tones are phonemic, the tone phonemes may be called tonemes.

Many Caucasian languages and some Uralic languages ( e. g. Komi ) also use phonemic schwa, and allow schwas to be stressed.