With the phylogenetic classification, the taxon Labyrinthodontia has been discarded as it is a paraphyletic group without unique defining features apart from shared primitive characteristics.

Based on phylogenetic research, the latest ( 2009 ) revision of the APG classification groups together the former families Hemerocallidaceae, Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu stricto and Asphodelaceae as the Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Based on phylogenetic research, the latest ( 2009 ) revision of the APG classification groups together these three families under the conserved name of Amaryllidaceae.

Based on phylogenetic research, the latest ( 2009 ) revision of the APG classification supports the use of a single broadly defined family, Asparagaceae sensu lato.

The degree to which taxonomy depends on phylogenies differs between schools of taxonomy: numerical taxonomy ignored phylogeny altogether, trying to represent the similarity between organisms instead ; phylogenetic systematics tries to reproduce phylogeny in its classification without loss of information ; evolutionary taxonomy tries to find a compromise between them in order to represent stages of evolution.

That is, plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than phylogenetic or taxonomic classification.

A major feature of phylogenetic classification is the removal of the mammal-like reptiles like this Varanodon from reptiles to their own separate group, the Synapsida

It is now common for biologists to devise a classification based on the results of phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequence data.

By the very nature of a creole language, the phylogenetic classification of a particular creole usually is a matter of dispute ; especially when the pidgin precursor and its parent tongues ( which may have been other creoles or pidgins ) have disappeared before they could be documented.

* Kingdoms such as Bacteria represent grades rather than clades, and so are rejected by phylogenetic classification systems.

Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.

The phylogenetic classification of Diptera Cyclorrhapha, withspecial reference to the structure of the male postabdomen.

A phylogenetic classification of the Angiospermae.

* ( 2002 ): Toward a phylogenetic subfamilial classification for the Compositae ( Asteraceae ).

Molecular systematics is an essentially cladistic approach: it assumes that classification must correspond to phylogenetic descent, and that all valid taxa must be monophyletic.

Classifications can be either fundamental ( like biological classification that rests on a phylogenetic basis ), or are merely heuristic typologies ( as here, about migrations ) to assist communication about complex issues.

In 2009 John K. Tucker and Manuel J. Tenorio proposed a classification system for the cone shells and their allies ( which resorb their inner walls during growth ) was based upon a cladistical analysis of anatomical characters including the radular tooth, the morphology ( i. e., shell characters ), as well as an analysis of prior molecular phylogeny studies, all of which were used to construct phylogenetic trees.

The higher-order classification below follows a phylogenetic analysis performed by Angolin, 2007.

If this classification wins out, then the " Heteroptera " grouping may be discarded in the near future, but in that case it is likely that no ranks are used at all according to the standards of phylogenetic nomenclature.

Including fossil taxa, the classification of the Lampriformes in phylogenetic sequence, with the number of living genera and species, can thus be given as follows:

* Livezey, Bradley C. ( 1991 ): A phylogenetic analysis and classification of recent dabbling ducks ( Tribe Anatini ) based on comparative morphology.

Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the antbirds, ovenbirds, woodcreepers, and allies ( Aves: Passeriformes: infraorder Furnariides ).

Molecular studies by several groups of authors, as of 2008, have confirmed that the baccate ( fleshy ) fruits evolved twice from capsular fruits, and as such the two subfamily classification does not accurately portray the phylogenetic (= evolutionary ) history of the family.

Phylogeny and phylogenetic classification of the antbirds, ovenbirds, woodcreepers, and allies ( Aves: Passeriformes: infraorder Furnariides ).

*: ( 2008 ) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Dendrobium ( Orchidaceae ), with emphasis on the Australian section Dendrocoryne, and implications for generic classification.

Recent phylogenetic studies based on cpDNA restriction site analysis and gene sequencing strongly suggest that the Cannabaceae sensu stricto arose from within the former Celtidaceae family, and that the two families should be merged to form a single monophyletic family, the Cannabaceae sensu lato.

Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA sequences as well as gene content strongly suggest that the mollicutes, including the mycoplasmas, are closely related to either the Lactobacillus or the Clostridium branch of the phylogenetic tree ( Firmicutes sensu stricto ).

Molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences has shown that Agapanthus is sister to a clade consisting of subfamilies Allioideae and Amaryllidoideae of the family Amaryllidaceae ( sensu APG III ).

One molecular phylogenetic analysis found Phyllocladus to be sister to Podocarpus sensu stricto.

Molecular phylogenetic studies of DNA sequences have shown that Xeronema is sister to a clade consisting of Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu lato, Amaryllidaceae sensu lato, and Asparagaceae sensu lato.

However, later anatomical and phylogenetic research has supported the view of Dahlgren who regarded Xanthorrhoea as the sole member of his family Xanthorrhoeaceae sensu stricto, which is now treated as the subfamily Xanthorrhoeoideae of a much more broadly defined family Xanthorrhoeaceae.

However, new phylogenetic research has indicated that Plantaginaceae s. s. ( s. s. = sensu stricto, in the strict sense ) were nested within Scrophulariaceae ( but forming a group that did not include the type genus of that family, Scrophularia ).

Hence, parsimony ( sensu lato ) is typically sought in constructing phylogenetic trees, and in scientific explanation generally.

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants ( angiosperms ) that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies.

Cronquist included the family Martyniaceae in Pedaliaceae, but phylogenetic studies have shown that the two families are not closely related and they are maintained as separate by the APG.

For these and other reasons, phylogenetic nomenclature has been developed ; it is still controversial.

Previously thought to be a single species, molecular phylogenetic evidence over the past couple decades has shown there to be great diversity in Symbiodinium.

On the other hand, one of those who criticized Haeckel's drawings, Michael Richardson, has argued that " Haeckel's much-criticized drawings are important as phylogenetic hypotheses, teaching aids, and evidence for evolution ".

Despite the numerous oppositions, Haeckel has influenced many disciplines in science in his drive to integrate such disciplines of taxonomy and embryology into the Darwinian framework and to investigate phylogenetic reconstruction through his Biogenetic Law.

In the 1980s, phylogenetic analysis of the phocids has led to a few conclusions about the interrelatedness of the various genera.

The use of newer taxonomic tools such as cladistics and phylogenetic nomenclature has led to a different way of looking at evolution ( expressed in many nested clades ) and this sometimes leads to a desire for more ranks.

This five kingdom scheme is still far from the phylogenetic ideal and has largely been supplanted in modern taxonomic work by a division into three domains: Bacteria and Archaea, which contain the prokaryotes, and Eukaryota, comprising the remaining forms.

Recent phylogenetic work has shown that Lamiales is polyphyletic with respect to order Scrophulariales and the two groups are now usually combined in a single order that also includes the former orders Hippuridales and Plantaginales.

Owing to the development of advanced sequencing techniques in molecular biology, it has become feasible to gather large amounts of data ( DNA or amino acid sequences ) to infer phylogenetic hypotheses.

The possibility of aquatic locomotion via swimming has been discussed briefly in several papers ( Bennett 2001, 1994, and Bramwell & Whitfield 1974 ), and has been studied in detail at Michigan State University through the use of morphometrics and an extant phylogenetic bracket ( a morphologically comparative technique invented by Larry Witmer ).

However, the scheme with four ( or three if Euryapsida is sunk into Diapsida ) subclasses remained more or less universal for non-specialist work throughout the 20th century, and has only been challenged with the rising popularity of phylogenetic nomenclature.

* Music semiology " There are strong arguments that music inhabits a semiological realm which, on both ontogenetic and phylogenetic levels, has developmental priority over verbal language.

The employment of ndhF and cpDNA sequences has refuted many of the traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships within Magnoliaceae.

The phylogenetic placement of this phylum in the past has proved troublesome.

Their phylogenetic affiliation has been subject to changing interpretations, yet the consensus is growing that the archaeocyath was indeed a kind of sponge ,< ref name =" Rowland2001ArchaeocyathaPhylogeneticInterpretations "> Scuba divers have discovered living calcareous sponges, including one species that -- like the archaeocyathans -- is without spicules, thus morphologically similar to the archaeocyaths.

Results of phylogenetic analyses of chemical secretions amongst cats has suggested that the leopard is closely related to the lion.

Recent molecular phylogenetic evidence has shown that the traditional Spiraeoideae and Amygdaloideae form part of the same clade as the traditional Maloideae, and the correct name for this group is Amygdaloideae.

In phylogenetic taxonomy, the genus has been used as a reference point in the definition of Dinosauria ; Dinosaurs have been designated as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Triceratops and Neornithes ( i. e. modern birds ).

Such strict cospeciation should result in identical phylogenetic trees for the two lineages and recent work mapping fig sections onto molecular phylogenies of wasp genera and performing statistical comparisons has provided strong evidence for co-speciation at that scale.

However, it has turned out that similar plumage patterns and modes of life are not reliable to determine higher phylogenetic relationships in woodpeckers, and thus only 3 subfamilies should be accepted.

A phylogram is a phylogenetic tree that has branch lengths proportional to the amount of character change.

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has lent support to this hypothesis, and it is now generally accepted.

While " Flagellata " has fallen from use as a taxon, the notion of using flagella as a phylogenetic criterion remains vigorous.