Also, there is a distinction between a postmodernism of ' reaction ' and one of ' resistance '.

Postmodernity is the state or condition of being postmodern – after or in reaction to that which is modern, as in postmodern art ( see postmodernism ).

In the issue introduction, the Social Text editor, Andrew Ross, said that the attack upon science studies was a conservative reaction to reduced funding for scientific research, characterising the Flight from Science and Reason conference as an attempted " linking together a host of dangerous threats: scientific creationism, New Age alternatives and cults, astrology, UFO-ism, the radical science movement, postmodernism, and critical science studies, alongside the ready-made historical specters of Aryan-Nazi science and the Soviet error of Lysenkoism " that " degenerated into name-calling.

In the Tracks of Historical Materialism regards Paris as the new capital of intellectual reaction, quite at odds with others who treat postmodernism as a left heresy.

One compact definition is that postmodernism rejects modernism's grand narratives of artistic direction, eradicating the boundaries between high and low forms of art, and disrupting genre's conventions with collision, collage, and fragmentation.

Like some other cultural theorists, he rejects labels-including ' cultural theorist ' - yet he has been linked by others with post-structuralism and postmodernism.

: In education, postmodernism rejects the notion that the purpose of education is primarily to train a child ’ s cognitive capacity for reason in order to produce an adult capable of functioning independently in the world.

However, in her view, neomodernism rejects postmodernism as:

Butler herself rejects the term " postmodernism " as too vague to be meaningful.

The concept is used in some more textual forms of postmodernism, which rejects the strict anchoring of particular signifiers to particular signifieds and argues against the concept that there are any ultimate determinable meanings to words or signs.

The clear distinction between what defines modern art, with its constant reinvention, and the return to classical painting and sculpture is a central concern in postmodernism.

* The return of postmodernism in Aboriginal history, Keith Windschuttle, Quadrant, April 2006

The close of the period of postmodern art has been dated to the end of the 1980s, when the word postmodernism lost much of its critical resonance, and art practices began to address the impact of globalization and new media.

Classical examples of sociological traditions which deny or downplay the question of values are institutionalism, historical materialism ( including Marxism ), behaviorism, pragmatic oriented theories, postmodernism and various objectivist-oriented theories.

Not all art labeled as contemporary art is postmodern, and the broader term encompasses both artists who continue to work in modernist and late modernist traditions, as well as artists who reject postmodernism for other reasons.

Within this body of work, connections also are drawn to yet other theoretical traditions, including constructivist epistemology and the philosophical positions of phenomenology, postmodernism and critical realism.

In contrast, just as postmodernism has so far failed to take root in ethnic Chinese circles as opposed to a general sense of Chinese nationalist moral certainty, much of ethnic Chinese scholarship of Chinese history remains largely modernist or even outright traditionalist in outlook.

He reports that labour history has been mostly pragmatic, eclectic and empirical ; it has played an important role in historiographical debates, such as those revolving around history from below, institutionalism versus the social history of labour, class, populism, gender, language, postmodernism and the turn to politics.

His areas of specialization include postmodernism, cultural theory, Russian literature and intellectual history, contemporary philosophical and religious thought, ideas and electronic media, and interdisciplinary approaches in the humanities.

He reports that labor history has been mostly pragmatic, eclectic and empirical ; it has played an important role in historiographical debates, such as those revolving around history from below, institutionalism versus the social history of labor, class, populism, gender, language, postmodernism and the turn to politics.

A central tenet of whiteness studies is a reading of history and its effects on the present, inspired by postmodernism and historicism, in which the very concept of racial superiority is said to have been socially constructed in order to justify discrimination against non-whites.

Major published items include Unemployment, ( 1979 ), which analysed the economic causes and social consequences of unemployment in Australia and advocated a socialist response ; The Media: a New Analysis of the Press, Television, Radio and Advertising in Australia, ( 1984 ), on the political economy and content of the news and entertainment media ; The Killing of History, ( 1994 ), a critique of postmodernism in history ; The Fabrication of Aboriginal History: Volume One: Van Diemen's Land 1803-1847, ( 2002 ), which accuses a number of Australian historians of falsifying and inventing the degree of violence in the past ; The White Australia Policy, ( 2004 ), a history of that policy which argues that academic historians have exaggerated the degree of racism in Australian history ; and The Fabrication of Aboriginal History, Volume Three: The Stolen Generations 1881-2008, which argues the story of the " stolen generations " of Aboriginal children is a myth.

In The Killing of History, Windschuttle defended the practices and methods of traditional empirical history against postmodernism, and praised historians such as Henry Reynolds, but he now argues that some of those he praised for their empirically-grounded work fail to adhere to the principle.

Since postmodernism represents a decentered concept of the universe in which individual works are not isolated creations, much of the focus in the study of postmodern literature is on intertextuality: the relationship between one text ( a novel for example ) and another or one text within the interwoven fabric of literary history.

However since the advent of postmodernism, many radical, ‘ progressive ’ Christians have tended to see the Christ of faith as irreconcilable with the Jesus of history, regarding the latter as a mere mortal and a distinctly fallible one at that.

Others within the discipline have an oversimplified understanding of feminist archaeology's history and aims, and as a consequence mistakenly conflate it with postmodernism.

" Baez was comparing the Bogdanovs ' publications to the 1996 Sokal affair, in which physicist Alan Sokal successfully submitted an intentionally nonsensical paper to a cultural studies journal in order to criticize the incoherence of postmodernism.

Playfulness is present in many modernist works ( Joyce's Finnegans Wake or Virginia Woolf's Orlando, for example ) and they may seem very similar to postmodern works, but with postmodernism playfulness becomes central and the actual achievement of order and meaning becomes unlikely.

He describes this as: " the transfer of modernity and postmodernism from the edge of chaos to a new order of society ".

paradigm — participant observation — participatory democracy — pastoral society — patient dumping — patriarchal — patriarchy — patrilineality — peasant — peer group — periphery countries — personal is the political — phenomenology — Physician Assistant — plea bargaining — pluralism — pluralist theory — police brutality — political economy — political party — politics — pollution — polyandry — polyarchy — polygamy — polygyny — polylogism — polytheism — popular culture — positivism — post-Fordism — post-socialist state — post-structuralism — post-industrial society — postmodernism — postmodernity — poverty — power — power elite — powerlessness — pragmatism — on pragmatic sociology, for now, see: George Herbert Mead — prejudice — primary deviance — Primary and secondary groups — primary group structure — primary labor market — primary sector — private health care — privatism — profanity — professionalism — profession — proletariat — prostitution — proto-globalization — psychopathy — psychosis — public order crime — public health — public sphere — purchasing power parity —

Meta-media coincides with postmodernism in that they both rework old work rather than create new work.

After fading with Cinema Novo, Third Cinema was revived in 1986 when English film companies looked to create a genre that " focused upon non Anglo-American cinematic practices " and " avoided both the sentimental leftist cultural theory emanating from the UK and the cultural and educational practices in line with corporate cultures and market consumerism that related to variants of postmodernism.

The new literary generation of the 1980s was marked by the need to rebel, to act outside of the bounds of society — their work draws on the war generation ( Group 42 ), and is often brutal, aggressive, and vulgar ( Jáchym Topol, Petr Placák, Zuzana Brabcová ); postmodernism also influenced literature as a whole ( Jiří Kratochvil, Daniela Hodrová ).

In 2000, Billy Childish and Charles Thomson, founders of the stuckism art movement instigated remodernism, with a manifesto, Remodernism in an attempt to introduce a period of new spirituality into art, culture and society to replace postmodernism, which they said was cynical and spiritually bankrupt.

Postmodernity is a condition or a state of being associated with changes to institutions and conditions ( Giddens, 1990 ) and with social and political results and innovations, globally but especially in the West since the 1950s, whereas postmodernism is an aesthetic, literary, political or social philosophy, the " cultural and intellectual phenomenon ", especially since the 1920s ' new movements in the arts.

Equally, CLS has introduced new frameworks to the legal field, such as postmodernism, queer theory, literary approaches to law, psychoanalysis, law and aesthetics, and post-colonialism.

Recent work has included Dead White Males, a satirical approach to postmodernism and university ethics ; Up for Grabs, which starred Madonna in its London premiere ; and the Jack Manning Trilogy ( Face To Face, Conversation, Charitable Intent ) which take as their format community conferencing, a new form of restorative justice, in which Williamson became interested in the late 1990s and early 2000s.

James Fleming has written about 1602s use of the postmodern tradition, and how this is employed ; both to respond to the post-9 / 11 world in which the comic was written ; and to propose a new model of postmodernism better suited to the post-9 / 11 world.

The New York Trilogy is a particular form of postmodern detective fiction which still uses well-known elements of the detective novel ( the classical and hardboiled varieties, for example ) but also creates a new form that links " the traditional features of the genre with the experimental, metafictional and ironic features of postmodernism.

Some declared the death of postmodernism in the 80's with a new surge of realism represented and inspired by Raymond Carver.

Tom Wolfe in his 1989 article " Stalking the Billion-Footed Beast " called for a new emphasis on realism in fiction to replace postmodernism.

A new generation of writers — such as David Foster Wallace, Giannina Braschi, Dave Eggers, Michael Chabon, Zadie Smith, Chuck Palahniuk, Jennifer Egan, Neil Gaiman, Richard Powers, Jonathan Lethem — and publications such as McSweeney's, The Believer, and the fiction pages of The New Yorker, herald either a new chapter of postmodernism or possibly post-postmodernism.

Third-wave theory usually incorporates elements of queer theory ; anti-racism and women-of-color consciousness ; womanism ; girl power ; post-colonial theory ; postmodernism ; transnationalism ; ecofeminism ; individualist feminism ; new feminist theory, transgender politics, and a rejection of the gender binary.

In his book Postmodernism and the Other, he describes postmodernism as " the new imperialism of Western culture ".