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paradigm — participant observation — participatory democracy — pastoral society — patient dumping — patriarchal — patriarchy — patrilineality — peasant — peer group — periphery countries — personal is the political — phenomenology — Physician Assistant — plea bargaining — pluralism — pluralist theory — police brutality — political economy — political party — politics — pollution — polyandry — polyarchy — polygamy — polygyny — polylogism — polytheism — popular culture — positivism — post-Fordism — post-socialist state — post-structuralism — post-industrial society — postmodernism — postmodernity — poverty — power — power elite — powerlessness — pragmatism — on pragmatic sociology, for now, see: George Herbert Mead — prejudice — primary deviance — Primary and secondary groups — primary group structure — primary labor market — primary sector — private health care — privatism — profanity — professionalism — profession — proletariat — prostitution — proto-globalization — psychopathy — psychosis — public order crime — public health — public sphere — purchasing power parity —
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paradigm and —
The behavior of the horizon in this situation is a dissipative system that is closely analogous to that of a conductive stretchy membrane with friction and electrical resistance — the membrane paradigm.
Although The Histories were often criticized in antiquity for bias, inaccuracy and plagiarism — Lucian of Samosata attacked Herodotus as a liar in Verae Historiae and went as far as to deny him a place among the famous on the Island of the Blessed — modern historians and philosophers take a more positive view of Herodotus's methodology, especially those searching for a paradigm of objective historical writing.
In order to understand the metaphysics of the Mage setting, it is important to remember that many of the terms used to describe magic and Magi e. g., Avatar, Quintessence, the Umbra, and Paradox, Resonance, as well as the game mechanics a player uses to describe the areas of magic in which his character is proficient — the Spheres, look, mean, and are understood very differently depending on the paradigm of the Mage in question, even though they are often, in the texts of the game, described from particular paradigmatic points-of-view.
The machine-learning paradigm calls instead for using general learning algorithms — often, although not always, grounded in statistical inference — to automatically learn such rules through the analysis of large corpora of typical real-world examples.
Newman calls for the union of science and postmodernism — proposing that postmodernism is not a critique of science, per se, but of the inappropriate application of the scientific paradigm to psychology.
Lady Audley's Secret is, furthermore, a story about gender and class, and Lady Audley's objectionable upward mobility — the book is practically a ' how to ' guide — suggests a threat to the paradigm of social class.
In computer programming, event-driven programming or event-based programming is a programming paradigm in which the flow of the program is determined by events — e. g., sensor outputs or user actions ( mouse clicks, key presses ) or messages from other programs or threads.
In other contexts, " classical theory " will have other meanings — if a current accepted theory is considered to be " modern ", and its introduction represented a major paradigm shift, then previous theory ( or new theories based on the older paradigm ) will often be referred to as " classical ".
Whereas the first paradigm focused on ostensibly distinct " languages " ( scare quotes indicate that contemporary linguistic anthropologists treat the concept of " a language " as an ideal construction covering up complexities within and " across " so-called linguistic boundaries ), the unit of analysis in the second paradigm was new — the " speech event.
In the third paradigm, which has emerged since the late 1980s, instead of continuing to pursue agendas that come from a discipline alien to anthropology, linguistic anthropologists have systematically addressed themselves to problems posed by the larger discipline of anthropology — but using linguistic data and methods.
In a third example of the current ( third ) paradigm, since Roman Jakobson's student, Michael Silverstein opened the way, there has been an efflorescence of work done by linguistic anthropologists on the major anthropological theme of ideologies — in this case " language ideologies ", sometimes defined as " shared bodies of commonsense notions about the nature of language in the world.
Another Unix breakthrough was to automatically associate input and output by default — the program ( and programmer ) did absolutely nothing to establish input and output for a typical input-process-output program ( unless it chose a different paradigm ).
His generation's choice of Darwinian evolution as a social paradigm, interpreted by Frazer as three rising stages of human progress — magic giving rise to religion, then culminating in science — has not proved valid.
If this is correct, then there is no chance of achieving progress in philosophy by adopting a paradigm — adopting a paradigm can achieve progress in something else, but only by making it cease to be philosophy.
— Introduction to Tarskian relation theory and its applications within the relational programming paradigm.
In 1989, drawing on the ideas of Thomas Kuhn, Charles Janeway proposed that the old immunological paradigm had reached the limits of its usefulness — or, as he described it, the asymptote of the increase in knowledge which it had brought.
By trying to design a testing paradigm that is less arbitrary than pushing a lever to the left or to the right, Custance and co-workers introduced the " artificial fruit " paradigm, where a small object could be opened in different ways to retrieve food placed inside — not unlike a hard-shelled fruit.
paradigm and observation
Scientific understanding derives from observation, but the acceptance of scientific statements is dependent on the related theoretical background or paradigm as well as on observation.
In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Kuhn argues that the process of observation and evaluation take place within a paradigm.
The new methodological approaches of the processual research paradigm include logical positivism ( the idea that all aspects of culture are accessible through the material record ), the use of quantitative data, and the hypothetico-deductive model ( scientific method of observation and hypothesis testing ).
paradigm and participatory
In the user-driven or participatory design paradigm, some of the users become actual or de facto members of the design team.
Manyozo ( 2006 ) suggests that the history field can be broken down into those of six different schools of development communication, with the Bretton Woods school being the dominant paradigm in international literature, and the other schools being the Latin American, Indian, Los Baños, African, and the participatory development communication schools.
SUNY, 2001 ( outlines the new paradigm of participatory spirituality )
* Mayoux, L & R. Chambers 2005 Reversing the paradigm: quantification, participatory methods and pro-poor impact assessment.
paradigm and democracy
Some scholars argue that conspiracy theories once limited to fringe audiences have become commonplace in mass media, contributing to conspiracism emerging as a cultural phenomenon in the United States of the late 20th and early 21st centuries, and the possible replacement of democracy by conspiracy as the dominant paradigm of political action in the public mind.
It was because of the novelty of this new Catalanist paradigm, consisting of Catalanism made from Valencia, that the book caused a stir in the Valencian Francoist establishment and, with the advent of democracy in Spain, still remained deeply controversial for its uncompromising views.
Between Facts and Norms offers an original reconstruction of the philosophy of language ( drawing on the author's Theory of Communicative Action, first published in 1981 ), a theory of jurisprudence, an understanding of constitutional theory, reflections on civil society and democracy, and an attempt to construct a new paradigm of politics that goes beyond, but without discarding, the liberal tradition.
In Habermas ' deliberative paradigm, law stabilizes society, but only through the universal voice of democracy.
paradigm and society
In November 2008, the UK based think tank Demos published an influential pamphlet entitled ' It's a material world: caring for the public realm ', in which they argue for integrating the public directly into efforts to conserve material culture, particularly that which is in the public, their argument, as stated on page 16, demonstrates their belief that society can benefit from conservation as a paradigm as well as a profession:
The theorists of the Situationist International regarded the current paradigm of work in advanced capitalist society as increasingly absurd.
Through the example of Knossos on the island of Crete, which had been ( incorrectly ) represented as the paradigm of a pacifist, matriarchal and sexually free society, Gere claims that archaeology can easily slip into reflecting what people want to see, rather than teaching people about an unfamiliar past.
For Castells the network society is the result of informationalism, a new technological paradigm.
Social scientists have adopted the Kuhnian phrase " paradigm shift " to denote a change in how a given society goes about organizing and understanding reality.
A " dominant paradigm " refers to the values, or system of thought, in a society that are most standard and widely held at a given time.
During this stage, the society evolves in accordance with Malthusian paradigm, with population essentially determined by the food supply.
If one examines the textual paradigm of consensus, one is faced with a choice: either the " postdigital " society has intrinsic meaning, or it is contextualised into a paradigm of consensus that includes art as a totality.
Where Max Weber used the model of the bureaucracy to represent the direction of this changing society, Ritzer sees the fast-food restaurant as having become a more representative contemporary paradigm ( Ritzer, 2004: 553 ).
A trend break could be a value shift in society, a technological innovation that might be permanent or a paradigm change.
* Philosopher Ken Wilber has written extensively on this, calling the omniscient view ( or subject – object distinction ) the fundamental modernist paradigm, and cataloging its effects on society, and in the way many subjects have been compressed into a " flat " view by this perspective
On the other hand, it may be that the problem Campbell and Moyers are addressing is the paradigm shift in religious beliefs that is becoming more evident each day as the established churches continue to lose their relevance in modern western society.
The term is often combined with others such as approach, consciousness, culture, paradigm, philosophy, society, theory, and worldview.
Though Bat Ye ' or acknowledges that not all Muslims subscribe to so-called " militant jihad theories of society ," she argues that the role of sharia in the 1990 Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam demonstrates that what she calls a perpetual war against those who won't submit to Islam is still an " operative paradigm " in Islamic countries.
Following Émile Durkheim's call to analyze complex modern society sui generis, post-war structural functionalist sociologists such as Talcott Parsons seized upon these theories of systematic and hierarchical interaction among constituent components to attempt to generate grand unified sociological theories, such as the AGIL paradigm.
Justice Liberhan has agreed that “ Ayodhya is accepted in popular Hindu tradition as the birth place of Lord Rama and is therefore regarded as a holy and historical city ” and “ ancient Ayodhya was traditionally the epitome of Hindu life, culture and a paradigm of coexistence of a multi-religious society.
It also involves creating a language and logic of liberation, one of opposition and affirmation, and a corresponding liberational practice to create a just and good society and pose an effective paradigm of mutually beneficial human relations and human possibility.
The Institute was founded by the Brazilian physician and biomedical scientist Vital Brazil in 1901, according to Pasteur Institute paradigm, i. e., by combining in the same institution medical research, the transfer of the results to society as health products, and self-financing through this later activity.
Srinivas ' scholarship was to challenge that dominant paradigm for understanding Indian society and would in the process, usher newer intellectual frameworks for understanding Hindu society.
Professor Adam Biela spoke of the " Copernican revolution in the Social Sciences, brought about by her having given life to a ' paradigm of unity ' which shows the new psychological, social and economic dimensions which today's post-communist society has been waiting for in this new and difficult transitional phase ".
The second reason, and perhaps the more important one, was the rising influence of Christianity in the Roman society, including the Christian paradigm about sex serving solely for reproduction purposes.
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