The two main kinds of theory of physical probability are frequentist accounts ( such as those of Venn, Reichenbach and von Mises ) and propensity accounts ( such as those of Popper, Miller, Giere and Fetzer ).

A later propensity theory was proposed by philosopher Karl Popper, who had only slight acquaintance with the writings of C. S. Peirce, however.

* ( Charles Sanders Peirce and Karl Popper have strikingly similar views on the propensity theory of probability and philosophy of science.

He also originated the theory that the propensity for war between two nations was a function of the length of their common border.

However, examining the human propensity for altruism, kin selection theory seems incapable of explaining cross-familiar, cross-racial and even cross-species acts of kindness.

Bayesian probability interprets the concept of probability as " an abstract concept, a quantity that we assign theoretically, for the purpose of representing a state of knowledge, or that we calculate from previously assigned probabilities ," in contrast to interpreting it as a frequency or " propensity " of some phenomenon.

A modification of this is propensity probability, which interprets probability as the tendency of some experiment to yield a certain outcome, even if it is performed only once.

Propensity theorists think of probability as a physical propensity, or disposition, or tendency of a given type of physical situation to yield an outcome of a certain kind or to yield a long run relative frequency of such an outcome.

In addition to explaining the emergence of stable relative frequencies, the idea of propensity is motivated by the desire to make sense of single-case probability attributions in quantum mechanics, such as the probability of decay of a particular atom at a particular time.

In a similar way, propensity is whatever fills the various roles that physical probability plays in science.

Epistemic or subjective probability is sometimes called credence, as opposed to the term chance for a propensity probability.

* the Bayesian probability or degree-of-belief interpretation of probability, as opposed to frequency or proportion or propensity interpretations: see probability interpretation

With a positive probability of future interactions and the propensity of humans to use tit-for-tat type strategies ( someone harms or helps you, you return the favor in kind ), the optimal totally self-interested decision may be to point to the train station.

Fitness is often defined as a propensity or probability, rather than the actual number of offspring.

Population genetics describes natural selection by defining fitness as a propensity or probability of survival and reproduction in a particular environment.

Popper was also a promoter of propensity probability.

The South's propensity for a full breakfast ( as opposed to a Continental one with a simple bread item and drink ) is derived from the English fry up, although it was altered substantially.

If he was less effective than his father in containing the Norman lords ' propensity for rebellion and violence, through charisma, or political skills, he was forceful in overcoming the consequences.

And since the profit motive and the propensity to save were considered of paramount importance for the economic progress of all classes, this meant in particular that taxation should as little as possible interfere with the net earnings of business ... As regards indirect taxes, the principle of least interference was interpreted by Gladstone to mean that taxation should be concentrated on a few important articles, leaving the rest free ... Last, but not least, we have the principle of the balanced budget.

His shy persona and his propensity to go home after matches was interpreted as apathy.

He was also aware of the relevance of forced saving, propensity to consume, the saving-investment relationship, and other matters that form the content of modern income and employment analysis.

Given that propensity to noble rot was a factor in Hungarian vineyard demarcations some 50 years before a messenger was supposedly mugged on his way to Schloss Johannisberg in Germany, the Hungarians probably have a better case.

The marginal propensity to save was thought to increas with wealth and inequality increases savings and capital accumulation.

( Yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims.

In the federal trial his insanity defense was based on his propensity to receive revelations from God, as he claims, and then to act out according to what he is told by those revelations, something which met the standard for an insanity defense according to his lawyers .< ref name = " CNN ">

The prefix Reichs-( imperial ) was later added ( Reichskristallnacht ) as a sardonic comment on the Nazis ' propensity to add this prefix to various terms and titles like Reichsführer-SS or Reichsmarschall.

He was rid of a publicity seeking thorn in his side and he got the Colombo family to eliminate Gallo whose propensity for disruptive violence also displeased the Don.

He has a number of war trophies that can be seen in various episodes, including a Prussian Pickelhaube which he sometimes used to cut Hank's hair in an even bowl cut during Hank's youth, and a Nazi canoe which he claimed was " Hitler's canoe ", though given his propensity to exaggerate his war stories, the actual origin of the canoe is uncertain.

On December 5, 1793, journalist Camille Desmoulins began publishing Le Vieux Cordelier, a newspaper initially aimed – with the approval of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety – at the ultra-revolutionary Hébertist faction, whose extremist demands, anti-religious fervor, and propensity for sudden insurrections was problematic for the Committee.

Willie John was known for his short temper and propensity to abuse alcohol, and was dropped by his record company in 1963.

One of the things for which Antuofermo was known was his propensity to bleed easily, especially around the eyebrows.

The car retained a vacuum-powered wiper with its tendency to slow down or stop above about 40 mph ( 64 km / h ), the point at which the suction effect from the induction manifold disappeared ; however, the Anglia's wipers were supported by a vacuum reservoir, which partially addressed the propensity to stop entirely when the car was accelerated.

* From 1970 to 1980, there was a dramatic population increase of Other Race in the census, reflecting the addition of a question on Hispanic origin to the 100-percent questionnaire, an increased propensity for Hispanics to NOT identify themselves as White, and a change in editing procedures to accept reports of " Other race " for respondents who wrote in Hispanic entries such as Mexican, Cuban, or Puerto Rican.

* Carlo Collodi's Pinocchio was a wooden puppet often led into trouble by his propensity to lie.

Describing the incident to the House of Commons Robinson was moved to tears, showing, as the biographer P J Jupp put it, " a propensity under stress which was to earn him the first of several nicknames, in this case the Blubberer ".

Descartes goes on to show that the things in the external world are material by arguing that God would not deceive him as to the ideas that are being transmitted, and that God has given him the " propensity " to believe that such ideas are caused by material things.

Epigenetic changes have also been observed to occur in response to environmental exposure — for example, mice given some dietary supplements have epigenetic changes affecting expression of the agouti gene, which affects their fur color, weight, and propensity to develop cancer.

" Convincing John lives some distance away from the rest of the Fraggle warren: it is suggested that this status is something akin to exile, or quarantine, given Convincing John's propensity to convince people to do things at random.

The additional firepower had the potential of turning the tide of the fight, given the Indians ' propensity for withdrawing in the face of new military technology.

Webber also disliked playing a substantial amount of time at center, given Nelson's propensity towards smaller, faster line ups.

Due to its nature and propensity, water may potentially fill any container, assume any shape ; given the Water cycle water may potentially go " anywhere ", even into the minutest holes, both metaphorical and actual.

Maxwell's nicknames included " Paw Paw ," ( given by the Detroit Tigers announcer Van Patrick because of Maxwell's unusually named hometown of Paw Paw, Michigan ), " Smokey ," " Sunday Charlie ", and " the Sabbath Smasher ," the latter two given in recognition of his propensity for hitting home runs on Sundays.

Anti-platelet therapy appears justifiable whereas anticoagulation may be inadvisable given the propensity for microhemorrhages.

The capital city of Taymyrr is Stormhaven, and given the propensity for mercenary companies to name their base of operations with the suffix of “ haven ,” it seems likely that Taymyrr may originally have been founded, an unknown period of time ago, by some mercenary company which was active in the vicinity.

Not surprisingly, given its propensity for grassland habitats, it grazes extensively upon mixed grasses.

Branyan has been given the nickname 3TO, which stands for three true outcomes, by some groups of fans for his propensity to either draw a walk, strike out, or hit a home run.

Negligent hiring may be found where the employee ( the tortfeasor ) had a reputation or record that showed his propensity to misuse the kind of authority given by the employer, and this record would have been easily discoverable by the employer, had the employer exercised ' due diligence '.