Necker realized that the country's extremely regressive tax system subjected the lower classes to a heavy burden, while numerous exemptions existed for the nobility and clergy.

Inflation is effectively a regressive consumption tax, but less overt than levied taxes and therefore harder to understand by ordinary citizens.

This represented a more regressive tax regime, with more revenue derived from the flat payroll tax versus the progressive income tax.

* The opposite of a progressive tax is a regressive tax, where the effective tax rate decreases as the amount to which the rate is applied increases.

This in actuality is a regressive tax as in actuality those with lower income must use higher percentage of their income than those with higher income and therefore the effect of the tax reduces as a function of income.

People with higher incomes spend a lower proportion of them, so a flat-rate sales tax will tend to be regressive.

The tax systems vary greatly and can be progressive, proportional, or regressive, depending on the type of tax.

Besides, as the Dutch tax system was heavily skewed toward highly regressive indirect taxes, which inordinately burdened the impoverished population, he wanted to change this to a system that depended more on direct ( income and wealth ) taxes.

Since the settlement is a heavy tax on the profits of the tobacco industry in the US, regressive against smokers, and further settlements being made only add to the financial burden of these companies, it is debatable if the industry has a money-producing long term outlook.

Carbon taxes are a regressive tax, in that they disproportionately affect low-income groups.

The regressive nature of carbon taxes can be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low-income groups.

To avoid un-American connotations that became associated with the name after World War I, the Socialist Party of Star City in 1918 renamed itself the Independent Citizens ' party and won back local government, partly due to its opposition to the regressive " capitation tax " the Citizens ' Party had imposed.

Some green tax shift proposals have been criticized as being fiscally regressive ( a tax with an average tax rate that decreases as the taxpayer's income increases ).

Furthermore, an ecotax policy package can include revenue recycling to reduce or eliminate any regressivity ; an increase in an ecotax could be more than offset by a decrease in a ( regressive ) payroll or consumption tax.

Other criticism has been raised concerning the environmental effects on neighborhoods bordering the congestion zone, with critics claiming that congestion pricing would create " parking lots " and add more traffic and pollution to those neighborhoods, and the imposition of a regressive tax on some commuters.

The party's policies include a " Progressive Expenditure Tax " ( with no tax payable on any income that is saved or invested ), universal living allowance tied to basic per capita living costs, rejection of the Goods and Services Tax ( GST ) and other taxes for general revenue that it views as regressive, federal funding for the education of students attending non-government schools to be based on an equitable distribution and increased diversification in overseas trade to broaden the base for growth, and on opposition to abortion, euthanasia, therapeutic cloning and same-sex marriage.

An emphasis on a green tax shift in the 2004 platform, which favoured partially reducing income and corporate taxes ( while increasing taxes on polluters and energy consumers ), created questions as to whether the Green Party was still on the left of the political spectrum, or was taking a more eco-capitalist approach by reducing progressive taxation in favour of regressive taxation.

It has no beginning or end, but time is cyclical with progressive and regressive spirituality phases.

The question of whether they are generally progressive or regressive is a subject of much current debate.

For regressive harmony, the term umlaut is used.

This cannot be done by the bourgeoisie, as its progressive character is long since replaced by a regressive character.

It is shown that noisy deviations in the memory-based information processes that convert objective evidence ( observations ) into subjective estimates ( decisions ) can produce regressive conservatism, the conservatism ( Bayesian ), illusory correlations, better-than-average effect and worse-than-average effect, subadditivity effect, exaggerated expectation, overconfidence, and the hard – easy effect.

Under total utility maximization we should prefer B to A, and through a regressive process of population increases and happiness decreases ( in each pair of cases the happiness decrease is more than outweighed by the population increase ) we are forced to prefer Z, a world of hundreds of billion people all living lives barely worth living, to A.

The practice can be regressive, in which the goal is to re-experience childhood, or sexual, recreating a sexual relationship with people of the pretend and / or true ages.

The State College Area School District is considering closing the school ; however, District residents are vigorously opposing the proposal as fiscally irresponsible, educationally regressive, environmentally detrimental, and culturally short-sighted.

The practice can be regressive, in which the goal is to re-experience childhood, or sexual, recreating a sexual relationship with people of the pretend or true ages.

Sigmund Freud considered that ideas of reference illuminated the concept of the superego: ' Delusions of being watched present this power in a regressive form, thus revealing its genesis ... voices, as well as the undefined multitude, are brought into the foreground again by the disease, and so the evolution of conscience is reproduced regressively '.

He tried to demonstrate that wisdom and happiness belong to the man who is independent of society and that civilization is regressive.

It was also opposed by the Sierra Club for putting so much more toward roads that will simply fill up again, as well as by the NAACP since it is a regressive tax that would have also applied to basic necessities like groceries, and would have singled-out MARTA as the only agency that would be blocked from receiving operating funds.

In terms of individual income and wealth, a regressive tax imposes a greater burden ( relative to resources ) on the poor than on the rich — there is an inverse relationship between the tax rate and the taxpayer's ability to pay as measured by assets, consumption, or income.

The opposite of a regressive tax is a progressive tax, in which the average tax rate increases as the amount subject to taxation increases.

In other words, if the activity being taxed is more likely to be carried out by the poor and less likely to be carried out by the rich, the tax may be considered regressive.

To determine whether a tax is regressive, the income elasticity of the good being taxed as well as the income substitution effect must be considered.

The FICA tax is considered a regressive tax on income ( with no standard deduction or personal exemption deduction ) and is imposed ( for the years 2009, 2010 and 2011 ) only on the first $ 106, 800 of gross wages, and increasing to $ 110, 100 in 2012.

The social welfare effect is similar to that of a regressive tax, one imposed on drivers who cannot afford newer cars.

Opponents argue that such practices are regressive and would lead to greater prejudice within society.

* A value added tax or other sales tax on food and other essentials such as clothing, transport, and residential rents can be regressive.

However, it has been suggested that any regressive effect of a sales tax could be mitigated, e. g., by excluding rent, or by exempting " necessary " items, such as food, clothing and medicines.

While none deny its patriotic desire to rid the Commonwealth from the outside ( primarily Russian ) influence, some such as Jacek Jędruch, criticize it for its regressive stand on the civil rights issues, primarily with regards to the religious tolerance ( Jędruch writes of " religious bigotry ", " narrowly Catholic " stand ) and assert it contributed to the First Partition while others such as Bohdan Urbankowski applaud it as the first serious national military effort trying to restore Polish independence.

Thus, as illustrated by the pre / trans fallacy, religious and spiritual experiences have in the past been seen as either regressive or pathological and treated as such.

One such tax, on food, roused much opposition and was decried as regressive by many, including by some of the governor's most loyal supporters.

* Critics of sin tax argue that it is a regressive tax in nature and discriminates against the lower classes, since taxation of a product such as alcohol or cigarettes does not account for ability to pay, therefore poor people pay a greater amount of their income as tax.

However, it is actually a form of regressive atavism, meaning that he has inherited traits of ancestral species of the human race such as reptiles.

MindFreedom International and the California Network of Mental Health Clients ( CNMHC ), along with allies in the psychiatric survivors movement, also fought the measure and its earlier versions, accusing such legislation as a regressive and reprehensible scheme to enforce coerced drug treatment regimens against the will of patients.