Therefore, four loose families of more-efficient light transport modelling techniques have emerged: rasterization, including scanline rendering, geometrically projects objects in the scene to an image plane, without advanced optical effects ; ray casting considers the scene as observed from a specific point-of-view, calculating the observed image based only on geometry and very basic optical laws of reflection intensity, and perhaps using Monte Carlo techniques to reduce artifacts ; and ray tracing is similar to ray casting, but employs more advanced optical simulation, and usually uses Monte Carlo techniques to obtain more realistic results at a speed that is often orders of magnitude slower.

The existence of simulated reality is unprovable in any concrete sense: any " evidence " that is directly observed could be another simulation itself.

The simulation accounted for flat galaxy rotation curves without dark matter ( the discrepancy between observed galaxy rotation curves and those simulated based on gravity alone has to be accounted for by introducing dark matter ).

While they have not been directly observed, they are consistent according to models using numerical simulation and current observations.

However, while there seems to be enough observed normal-sized galaxies to account for this distribution, the number of dwarf galaxies is orders of magnitude lower than expected from simulation.

For comparison, there were observed to be around 38 dwarf galaxies in the Local Group, and only around 11 orbiting the Milky Way, ( for a detailed and more up to date list see Milky Way's satellite galaxies ) yet one dark matter simulation predicted around 500 Milky Way dwarf satellites.

This work was partly motivated by the near-recurrence paradox that had been observed in a very early computer simulation of a nonlinear lattice by Enrico Fermi, John Pasta, and Stanislaw Ulam, at Los Alamos in 1955.

However, when a working negative feedback system simulated on a digital computer performs essentially identically to observed organisms, then the well understood negative feedback structure of the simulation or model ( the white box ) is understood to demonstrate the unseen negative feedback structure within the organism ( the black box ).

With every specific model or simulation of behavior that is constructed and tested against observed data, the general model that is presented in the theory is exposed to potential challenge that could call for revision or could lead to refutation.

Beginning in the 1950s Odum recognized principles of energy quality as an outgrowth of his investigations and simulation modeling of ecosystems of humans and nature ( e. g. Silver Springs, Florida ; Eniwetok atoll in the south Pacific ; Galveston Bay, Texas and Puerto Rican rainforests, amongst others ) where energies of many different forms at many different scales were observed.

To cope with this complexity Michael O ' Keefe started in the early 1970s to develop image simulation software which allowed to understand an interpret the observed contrast changes in HREM images.

Along with simulator sickness, additional symptoms have been observed after exposure to motion simulation.

The optical basis of the simulation is that some diffused light from a given point on a given surface is reflected in a large spectrum of directions and illuminates the area around it.

Part of the rotational-vibrational spectrum of methane ( CH < sub > 4 </ sub >) gas ( from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy | FTIR ), showing the presence of P -, Q-and R-branches ( purple, top ) and a simulation in PGOPHER ( black, bottom ).

Its focus areas include a broad spectrum of technologies including information fusion and exploitation, communications and networking, collaborative environments, modeling and simulation, defensive information warfare and intelligent information systems technologies.

It includes, but is not limited to, data ranging from the ultraviolet through the microwave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, as well as information derived from the analysis of literal imagery ; geospatial data ; and information technically derived from the processing, exploitation, literal, and non-literal analysis of spectral, spatial, temporal, radiometric, phase history, polarimetric data, fused products ( that is products created out of two or more data sources ), and the ancillary data needed for data processing and exploitation, and signature information ( to include development, validation, simulation, data archival, and dissemination ).

It is at this point that the notion of simulation enters ".

This simulation is repeated until it produces a quadrant elevation and azimuth that lands the shell within the required ' closing ' distance of the target co-ordinates.

A technique called bootstrapping the simulation model is used, which bootstraps initial data points using a pseudorandom number generator to schedule an initial set of pending events, which schedule additional events, and with time, the distribution of event times approaches its steady state — the bootstrapping behavior is overwhelmed by steady-state behavior.

This is a simulation of the Brownian motion of a big particle ( dust particle ) that collides with a large set of smaller particles ( molecules of a gas ) which move with different velocities in different random directions.

This is a simulation of the Brownian motion of 5 particles ( yellow ) that collide with a large set of 800 particles.

Combinatorial analysis and / or computer simulation is necessary to complete the task.

The field is usually seen as compatible with the physical sciences, and uses the scientific method as well as simulation or modeling, often comparing the output of models with aspects of human behavior.

* The prediction of the molecular structure of molecules by the use of the simulation of forces, or more accurate quantum chemical methods, to find stationary points on the energy surface as the position of the nuclei is varied.

But, even though I disagree with him, his simulation is pretty good, so I ’ m willing to credit him with real thought.

In advanced radiosity simulation, recursive, finite-element algorithms ' bounce ' light back and forth between surfaces in the model, until some recursion limit is reached.

Midtown Madness 2, a real life car driving simulation game is totally based on Chicago city.

Computer simulation of multicellular development is a research methodology to understand the function of the very complex processes involved in the development of organisms.

There is a simulation of EDSAC available and a full description of the initial orders and first programs.

A fantasy sport ( also known as rotisserie, roto, or owner simulation ) is a game where participants act as owners to build a team that competes against other fantasy owners based on the statistics generated by the real individual players or teams of a professional sport.

The bill specifically exempts fantasy sports games, educational games, or any online contest that " has an outcome that reflects the relative knowledge of the participants, or their skill at physical reaction or physical manipulation ( but not chance ), and, in the case of a fantasy or simulation sports game, has an outcome that is determined predominantly by accumulated statistical results of sporting events, including any non-participant's individual performances in such sporting events ..."

Then, after the synthesis engine has mapped the design to a netlist, the netlist is translated to a gate level description where simulation is repeated to confirm the synthesis proceeded without errors.

Finally the design is laid out in the FPGA at which point propagation delays can be added and the simulation run again with these values back-annotated onto the netlist.

* Filter ( large eddy simulation ), in the context of large eddy simulation ( LES ) is a mathematical operation intended to remove a range of small scales from the solution to the Navier-Stokes equations

The configuration on December 23 — Mars, Earth, Sun, Mercury, Jupiter, Galactic Centre — is shown in the graphic simulation linked below.

A computer simulation of the changing belief as 50 fragments are unearthed is shown on the graph.

When compared in a study to negative air ionization, bright light was shown to be 57 % effective vs. dawn simulation 50 %.

Once a challenge is made, the official review ( a 3-D computer simulation based on multiple high-speed video cameras ) is shown to the players, umpires, and audience on the stadium video boards and to the television audience at the same time.

The simulation has shown that, the dynamic sequence algorithm has the ability to intelligently adjust itself even with the presence of some extreme cases.

It has been shown that a more efficient model of simulation exists which establishes that

No-one has shown that the laws of physics inside a simulation and those outside it have to be the same, and simulations of different physical laws have been constructed.

The title itself is shown to be a contraction of simulation number one, and it includes both numbers of the binary number system.

In the domain of peer-to-Peer, ad-hoc and other self-organizing and complex networks, the usefulness of agent based modeling and simulation has been shown.

It is shown, for example, in The Matrix, when a young boy bends a spoon to demonstrate the unreality of a computer simulation, and the Pokémon Kadabra and Alakazam both carry spoons as symbols of their psychic powers.

However, it has been shown through simulation studies, testing with known in vitro viral phylogenies, and congruence with other methods, that the accuracy of parsimony is in most cases not compromised by this.

Research based on simulation models have shown that for biocontrol agents to be effective, they must kill their host, otherwise plants can compensate by having increased seedling survival.

A SPICE-based DC simulation of the CMOS winner-take-all circuit in the two-input case is shown on the right.

The CNBC Ticker is a computer simulation of ticker tapes shown as a crawl on the lower part of the TV screen on the business television network CNBC from Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, in the U. S. The CNBC Ticker shows security and index symbols just like old ticker tapes that received information by telegraph.