An off-shoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modern smokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.

Energetic material pyrotechnic compositions, especially solid rocket propellants and smokeless powders for guns, often employ plasticizers to improve physical properties of the propellant binder or of the overall propellant, to provide a secondary fuel, and ideally, to improve specific energy yield ( e. g. specific impulse, energy yield per gram of propellant, or similar indices ) of the propellant.

Here are some energetic plasticizers used in rocket propellants and smokeless powders:

In solid rocket propellants and some translucent smokeless powders, the primary method of heat transfer into the propellant grain from the combustion process is by radiation, and opacifiers such as " lamp black " may be added to the propellant mixture to ensure the heat does not penetrate far below the surface of the grain, which could cause detonation.

The range is achieved due to an advanced solid-fuel composite rocket motor ( developed by Somchem ), which has a relatively slow burning rate compared to similar motors, as well as being essentially smokeless.

Beginning in 1928, he worked at the Soviet Gas Dynamics Laboratory along with several other notable Soviet rocket scientists, and they developed rocket projectiles that used smokeless powder.

A new smokeless motor with improved thrust is also fitted, replacing the existing motor.

The test firings in 1978 also used a new smokeless motor, which greatly improved visibility after firing and made it much easier to fire follow-up rounds.

** MIM-72E MIM-72C missiles retrofitted with a new M121 smokeless motor.

** MIM-72F New built missiles with upgraded M121 smokeless motor.

Caseless ammunition eliminates the metal case that typically holds the primer or igniter and the powder charge ( smokeless powder ) that propels the bullet.

In 1916, Grave invented a missile powered by smokeless powder and launched from mobile launchers, and first experiments of primitive a liquid-fueled rockets, and therefore he is also known as father of Katyusha.

One difference between them is that the older black powder burns at nearly the same rate in the open as when contained, while in smokeless powders the burn rate accelerates more rapidly within a closed chamber, making for a sharper rise in pressure which could rupture older weapons designed for black powder.

The Explosives Act places limits on the amount of powder ( either smokeless or black ) that may be stored in a building, on the manner in which it is stored, and on how much powder may be available for use at any time.

In response to this, the Clean Air Act 1956 was passed, mandating the creating of " smokeless zones " where the use of " smokeless " fuels was required ( this was at a time when most households still used open fires ); the Act was effective.

Coke oven at smokeless fuel plant, South Wales

Producing smokeless powder for the conflict overseas, the arsenal, at times, employed as many as 20, 000.

Experiments with smokeless powder in the existing Lee-Metford cartridge seemed at first to be a simple upgrade, but the greater heat and pressure generated by the new smokeless powder wore away the shallow, rounded, Metford rifling after approximately 6000 rounds.

The use of smokeless tobacco is prohibited at all locations on campus.

The M1887 was chambered for 12ga black powder shotshells, and after the switch to smokeless powder at the end of the 19th Century, the M1901 was introduced, being chambered for 10ga smokeless shells.

Coke oven at smokeless fuel plant, South Wales

Tests at Spandau in the winter of 1887-1888 found that the Lebel could fire 43 rounds of smokeless powder ammunition per minute compared to just 26 of black powder ammunition for the M-71 / 84.

Using smokeless powder, he could remain virtually invisible to an enemy at longer ranges, yet locate an enemy at any range by the smoke from their rifles.

Originally produced as a tougher, stronger and more improved version of the Winchester 1893, itself a takeoff on the early Spencer pump gun, the 1897 was identical to its forerunner, except that the receiver was thicker and allowed for use of smokeless powder shells, which were not common at the time.

In 1896, at serial number 164, 100, a spring-loaded base pin latch replaced the cylinder pin retaining screw and by 1900, at serial number 192, 000, the Colt Single Action was certified for use with smokeless powder.

Specifications for 20th-century smokeless loads set velocity with a round-nosed flat-point bullet at providing energy.

Some commercial and custom revolvers and single-shot pistols ( such as the Ruger Blackhawk, T / C Contender and others ) employ high-pressure loads that are dangerous in the Single Action Army and other vintage arms chambered for the 45 Colt cartridge, especially 19th-century " pre-smokeless " revolvers which should be fired ( if at all ) only with black powder or light smokeless loads.

The VGN was created to transport high quality " smokeless " bituminous coal from southern West Virginia to port at Hampton Roads.

Initially chambered for black powder shotgun shells ( as was standard at the time ), the Model 1887 gave rise to the Winchester Model 1901, a strengthened version chambered for 10ga smokeless powder shells.

They used black powder cartridges at first but later started using smokeless powder.

Through the 1920s Dr. Fred Olsen worked at Picatinny Arsenal experimenting with ways to salvage tons of single-base cannon powder manufactured for World War I. Dr. Olsen was employed by Western Cartridge Company in 1929 and developed a process for manufacturing spherical smokeless powder by 1933.

Tobacco was very much as part of the local economy over the years and Graves County has a rich history of the dark-fired and dark-air-cured leaf tobacco used in smokeless tobacco farming.

This scheme was far more popular and was carried over after the advent of early smokeless powder cartridges such as the. 30-30 Winchester and. 22 Long ; or a relative power, such as. 44 Special and. 44 Magnum.

The use of smokeless powder gave the Spanish a major advantage over the single-shot, black powder Springfield that was issued to many U. S. troops.

Greater case capacity offered minimal velocity improvement over the. 250-3000 Savage case with contemporary smokeless powders.

The Lee's magazine system was improved over the prior navy rifle, the M1885 Remington-Lee, by incorporating a charger-loaded magazine system and an action capable of handling high-velocity, small-caliber smokeless cartridges.

The Navy experienced continued problems with the Rifleite smokeless powder used in the cartridge, which appears to have varied in consistency from lot to lot, while becoming unstable over time.

The smokeless powder cartridges were favored over the cordite, and earlier black-powder loadings, because the smokeless powder cartridges produced less corrosion and fouling inside the rifle bores, and with little to no smoke produced upon firing, it was much easier for the shooter to maintain visual contact with his quarry.

In 1884, Paul Vieille invented a smokeless powder called Poudre B ( short for poudre blanche -- white powder, as distinguished from black powder ) made from 68. 2 % insoluble nitrocellulose, 29. 8 % soluble nitrocellusose gelatinized with ether and 2 % paraffin.

Paul Marie Eugène Vieille ( 2 September 1854 – 14 January 1934 ), a graduate of Ecole Polytechnique, was a French chemist and the inventor of modern nitrocellulose-based smokeless gunpowder in 1884.

In 1970, five times as many 65-and-older males used smokeless tobacco as 18-to 24-year-olds did ( 12. 7 % of the population were 65 + male users, 2. 2 % of the population were 18 – 24 male users ).

The cartridges typically use 2 to 3 grains ( 130 to 190 mg ) of smokeless powder, but can use up to 7 grains ( 450 mg ) in the case of large animals such as bulls.