In law a witness is someone who, either voluntarily or under compulsion, provides testimonial evidence, either oral or written, of what he or she knows or claims to know about the matter before some official authorized to take such testimony.

Some published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered " testimonial literature " particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression.

According to Morgan, " In January 1970, Jacques Delarue, an expert on the Occupation and a commissioner of the Police Judiciaire, a sort of French Federal Bureau of Investigation, was asked by the Minister of Justice to investigate the pardon request and talk to the people who had written testimonial letters.

Fell had in former years cultivated Locke's friendship, had kept up a correspondence with him, and in 1663 had written a testimonial in his favour ; and the ready compliance of one who could on occasion offer a stout resistance to any invasion of the privileges of the university has been severely criticised.

In promotion and of advertising, a testimonial or show consists of a written or spoken statement, from a well-known figure or from a private citizen, extolling the virtue of some product.

This revised edition includes the following testimonial from W. Clement Stone on the inside front cover page: “ More men and women have been motivated to achieve success because of reading Think and Grow Rich than by any other book written by a living author .” In 1987, Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Fran Tarkenton hosted a TV infomercial that sold the 1960 version with an audio cassette version of the book ( the audio cassettes contained an introduction and conclusion by Tarkenton and supplemental study guides ).

Another example of testimonial literature is Juan Francisco Manzano's ( 1797 – 1853 ) Autobiography of a Slave, which is the only known autobiography written by a slave in Cuba.

Though self written many years prior to the identification of testimonial literature, Manzano's personal account of his life as a house slave is worthy of mention, as it fits perfectly into the criteria of this genre, providing a voice for the voiceless.

A church in the Romanesque style was built under the pontificate of Pedro de Librana who is also credited with the oldest written testimonial to the Virgin at Zaragoza.

It is considered to be a breakthrough in testimonial literature written after about ten years of interviews with the real life women by Poniatowska.

The ninth century was in its artistic work `` the spiritually freest and most self-sufficient between past and future '', and the loving skill spent by its artists upon their products is a testimonial to their sense that what they were doing was important and was appreciated.

Dalglish's departure was unpopular with the Celtic fans, and when he returned in August 1978 to play in Stein's testimonial, he was booed by a large contingent of Celtic supporters.

A recent report by Credit Suisse on Pakistan's stock market is a testimonial to its strong fundamentals, estimating Pakistan ’ s relative return on equities at 26. 7 percent, compared to Asia ’ s 11 percent.

Specifically, the Massiah rule applies to the use of testimonial evidence in criminal proceedings deliberately elicited by the police from a defendant after formal charges have been filed.

However, in Crawford v. Washington,, the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that " testimonial " out-of-court statements are inadmissible if the accused did not have the opportunity to cross-examine that accuser and that accuser is unavailable at trial.

For example, when Alfred Shaw's benefit match in 1879 was ruined by rain, Grace insisted on donating to Shaw the proceeds of another match that had been arranged to support Grace's own testimonial fund.

The crew were able to get onto the rock and apart from a youth of 14 were saved by four men ( three of these from Tintagel: one of them Charles Hambly received a Vellum testimonial and three medals for bravery afterwards ).

Nicknamed " Mr Arsenal ", he was honoured by Arsenal with a testimonial game against Celtic in May 2002 with many Arsenal legends playing, including Ian Wright, John Lukic and Adams's fellow back four stalwarts, Dixon, Winterburn and Bould.

At the University of the City of New York, on May 29, 1859, John Van Buren, son of President Martin Van Buren, ended a testimonial presentation by proclaiming, " Paul Morphy, Chess Champion of the World ".

Boulder and vicinity are home to commercial " health mines " for which it is claimed by testimonial that exposure to radon gas mitigates auto-immune diseases such as arthritis.

In a dramatic testimonial, Rabbi Shlomo Alkabetz testified that in Salonica, Karo had become one of the rare individuals who merited to be instructed by a maggid-a private angelic teacher who revealed to him many kabbalistic teachings.

The Poem of the Man God by Maria Valtorta was forbidden by the Holy Office under Pope John XXIII in 1959, a condemnation upheld in Cardinal Ratzinger's above-mentioned 1985 letter, almost two decades after the abolition of the Index ; but in 2001 Catholic Bishop Roman Danylak, by then a canon of Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome and no longer in charge of an eparchy, granted, in his own words, " a letter of commendation, a Nihil Obstat, Imprimatur and a testimonial to this website of a Catholic monk on the writings of Maria Valtorta " ( the website in question being one with the title "— A Contemporary Mystic — acclaimed one of the greatest: Maria Valtorta and her masterwork: The Poem of the Man-God " and in another letter stated that The Poem of the Man-God is, with the other writings of Valtorta, " in perfect consonance with the canonical Gospels, with the traditions and magisterium of the Catholic Church ".

His final competitive game came against West Ham on 11 May 1997, and his final appearance before retiring was five days later on 16 May in a testimonial for David Busst ( the player whose career had been ended by an injury suffered against United the previous year ) against Coventry City at Old Trafford.

For this work Airy received in 1848 a testimonial from the Royal Astronomical Society, and it at once led to the discovery by Peter Andreas Hansen of two new inequalities in the moon's motion.

In 1817 we find him returning to his old practice of classical outline illustrations and publishing the happiest of all his series in that kind, the designs to Hesiod, excellently engraved by the sympathetic hand of Blake, Immediately afterwards he was much engaged designing for the goldsmiths — a testimonial cup in honour of John Kemble, and following that, the famous and beautiful ( though quite un-Homeric ) " Shield of Achilles ".

In September 1977, Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally and other political figures.

In 1871 a testimonial, dinner and address were presented to him by representatives of most of the religious bodies in Scotland.

A testimonial to his posterity is that he was analyzed by 19th century critics such as Charles Neaves, who even two centuries later found Carew on the sensuous border of propriety.

He also vetoed a suggestion that a substantial testimonial should be presented to him by his friends.

However, an attempt by the Daily Herald to open a testimonial fund to mark his international retirement met with very little public interest, and the end of his Test career passed with little press comment.

They especially focus on the gray areas surrounding claims stated by " testimonials " because the producer's choice to include a specific testimonial is an action as intentional as writing a scripted claim.

In the British Army Museum in London, a testimonial to Dyer by the British Monarch is the first exhibit along the wall of the staircase as one ascends to the first floor devoted to the Indian Army.

At times, Charlton was not on speaking terms with United's other superstars George Best and Denis Law, and Best refused to play in Charlton's testimonial match against Celtic, saying that " to do so would be hypocritical ".

The brewery produced the special editions featuring Newcastle United's black and white stripes and Shearer's portrait, in exchange for a donation to Shearer's testimonial match, and they went on sale from 17 April that year.

* The Intel 4004: A testimonial from Federico Faggin, its designer, on Intel's first microprocessor's thirtieth birthday

In late 1997, John Doherty ( a former United player who had left the club shortly before the disaster ) approached club chairman Martin Edwards on behalf of the Manchester United Former Players ' Association to request a testimonial for those victims of the Munich disaster – both the survivors and the dependants of the ones who were lost.

Mahler wrote a short testimonial, recommending Klemperer, on a small card which Klemperer kept for the rest of his life.

He returned to Arsenal for one game on 22 July 2006 in a testimonial for Dennis Bergkamp as one of the Arsenal legends against AFC Ajax legends.

The third was on 9 August 2011, when Larsson played for the Celtic Legends against the Manchester United Legends for John Kennedy's testimonial.

He finally retired permanently in 2004, playing his last match, a farewell testimonial, on November 11 of that year ( fittingly, he scored a goal ).

Johnson's testimonial match and farewell to competitive rugby, held at Twickenham on 4 June 2005, was one of the biggest rugby events of the year.

Robson's testimonial match took place on 20 November 1990 and saw United lose 3 – 1 to Celtic at Old Trafford.

Similarly, the same owner may also write negative reviews of his competitors businesses ... Additionally, as per the authentic testimonials blog " Just do a search on the recent phenom website fiverr. com using the search term “ testimonial ” or “ review ” and there are almost 5, 000 results of people offering to “ write great testimonial for your product or service ”.

Results showed that people influenced by peer pressure ( high-SNI consumers ) place a greater emphasis on the testimonial than on the attribute information.