Soviet bilateral trade is occasionally called " barter trade ", because although the purchases were denominated in U. S. dollars, the transactions were credited to an international clearing account, avoiding the use of hard cash.

The member companies buy and sell products and services to each other using an internal currency known as barter or trade dollars.

Modern barter and trade has evolved considerably to become an effective method of increasing sales, conserving cash, moving inventory, and making use of excess production capacity for businesses around the world.

Businesses in a barter earn trade credits ( instead of cash ) that are deposited into their account.

Moreover, each has created its own currency through which its member barter companies can trade.

In the United States, the largest barter exchange and corporate trade group is TransMedia Barter, founded in 1993, now with representation in various countries.

It eliminates the cumbersome system of barter by separating the transactions involved in the exchange of products, thus greatly facilitating specialization and trade through encouraging the exchange of commodities.

Among concrete examples of Modern human behavior, anthropologists include specialization of tools, use of jewellery and images ( such as cave drawings ), organization of living space, rituals ( for example, burials with grave gifts ), specialized hunting techniques, exploration of less hospitable geographical areas, and barter trade networks.

We know of two types of economies in human societies: natural or non-monetary economies ( using barter and trade with no centralized nor standardized set of financial instruments ) and more modern monetary economies ( with markets, currency, financial instruments and so on ).

Most of this trade is in barter conducted by ethnic Kyrgyz or Kazakhs who are Chinese citizens.

The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services.

At that time, the economy was so decrepit that barter trade became prevalent in rural market places.

This currency had almost no value by the end of the third century and trade was carried out by barter — every aspect of the Roman way of life was affected.

Although some commodity money ( barley ), has been used historically in relations of trade and barter ( Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC.

Mutualistic transversals can be thought of as a form of " biological barter " in which species trade resources ( for example carbohydrates or inorganic compounds ) or services such as gamete, offspring dispersal, or protection from predators.

When the Dutch arrived in 1624 at Tayouan ( Anping ) Harbor, Siraya-speaking representatives from nearby Saccam village soon appeared at the Dutch stockade to barter and trade ; an overture which was readily welcomed by the Dutch.

Swindon was a small market town, mainly for barter trade, until roughly 1848.

Contrary to popular conception, there is no evidence that societies relied primarily on barter before using money for trade.

Tradition has it that he established the practice of area farmers and merchants coming to town on the first Saturday of each month to barter and trade for livestock, crops and goods at an area known as the Altavista Trade Lot.

They engage in barter trade with the Tibetans, trading goods like animal hides, musk, bear paws, dye and captured game for farm tools, salt, wool, clothing, grain and tea from Tibetan traders.

It was used extensively in Northern Norway for about 150 years in the so-called Pomor trade, that is, the barter trade between Russians and Norwegians in the north.

His father, a carpenter, brought one home through a barter trade with a customer who was unable to pay.

As part of the same arrangement, Torrio had, in the spirit of peace and good will, and in exchange for armed support in the April election campaign, bestowed upon O'Banion a third share in the Hawthorne Smoke Shop proceeds and a cut in the Cicero beer trade.

( Pp. 228-229 ) in any event, it is obvious that the anti-trust laws did not prevent the formation of some of the greatest financial empires the world has ever known, held together by some of the most fantastic ideas, all based on the fundamental notion that a corporation is an individual who can trade and exchange goods without control by the government ''.

During the first 11 months of 2006, the volume of Armenia ’ s trade with Russia was $ 376. 8 million or 13. 2 percent of the total commercial exchange.

The New York Exchange Board had then mandated an organization to have a minimum of 100 stocks in order to trade in their exchange.

In the 2001 NFL Draft, the Falcons orchestrated a trade with the San Diego Chargers, acquiring the first overall pick ( which was used on quarterback Michael Vick ) in exchange for wide receiver / return specialist Tim Dwight and the fifth overall pick ( used on running back LaDainian Tomlinson ).

The market prices for privately held companies are typically viewed from a return on investment perspective ( such as 25 %), whilst publicly held and or exchange listed companies trade on a Price to earnings ratio ( P / E ) ( such as a P / E of 10, which equates to a 10 % ROI ).

In simple terms, trade deficits are paid for out of foreign exchange reserves, and may continue until such reserves are depleted.

Since 1971, when the Nixon administration decided to abolish fixed exchange rates, America's Current Account accumulated trade deficits have totaled $ 7. 75 Trillion as of 2010.

In order to facilitate trade between these currency zones, there are different exchange rates, which are the prices at which currencies ( and the goods and services of individual currency zones ) can be exchanged against each other.

Lane also engineered a unique trade of managers in mid-season 1960, sending Joe Gordon to the Tigers in exchange for Jimmy Dykes.

Investors in the VOC were issued paper certificates as proof of share ownership, and were able to trade their shares on the original Amsterdam stock exchange.

This means that the value of the coin is decreed by government fiat ( law ), and thus is determined by the free market only inasmuch as national currencies are subjected to various types of foreign exchange markets in international trade.

Grand Pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt offered to only suspend trade with the West in exchange for the Twelve Years ' Truce.

Derivatives are broadly categorized by the relationship between the underlying asset and the derivative ( such as forward, option, swap ); the type of underlying asset ( such as equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives, or credit derivatives ); the market in which they trade ( such as exchange-traded or over-the-counter ); and their pay-off profile.

A derivatives exchange is a market where individuals trade standardized contracts that have been defined by the exchange.

A derivatives exchange acts as an intermediary to all related transactions, and takes initial margin from both sides of the trade to act as a guarantee.

This reality did not dissuade Mujib from demanding in 1966 that separate foreign exchange accounts be kept and that separate trade offices be opened overseas.

The aim of a free-trade area is to reduce barriers to exchange so that trade can grow as a result of specialisation, division of labour, and most importantly via comparative advantage.

Some art historians believe that fresco artists from Crete may have been sent to various locations as part of a trade exchange, a possibility which raises to the fore the importance of this art form within the society of the times.

In exchange, the Portuguese received gold ( transported from mines of the Akan deposits ), pepper ( a trade which lasted until Vasco da Gama reached India in 1498 ) and ivory.