Lacaille and Johann Bode each depicted Antlia differently, as either the single-cylinder vacuum pump used in Papin's initial experiments, or the more advanced double-cylinder version.

After the 1690 invention of the vacuum pump by Otto von Guericke, physicists began to experiment with passing high voltage electricity through rarefied air.

In 1901, with a better vacuum pump, Pyotr Lebedev showed that in fact, the radiometer only works when there is low pressure gas in the bulb, and the vanes stay motionless in a hard vacuum.

However, the principle of operation might be more precisely described as gas-jet pump, since diffusion plays a role also in other high vacuum pumps.

The features that make the diffusion pump attractive for high and ultra-high vacuum use are its high pumping speed for all gases and low cost per unit pumping speed when compared with other types of pump used in the same vacuum range.

The steam ejector is a popular form of diffusion pump for vacuum distillation and freeze-drying.

Typically the vacuum is generated by a water aspirator or a membrane pump.

The vacuum is normally generated by using a high vacuum pump.

When pharmacological methods fail, a purpose-designed external vacuum pump can be used to attain erection, with a separate compression ring fitted to the penis to maintain it.

He constructed and patented in London a low-lift combined vacuum and pressure water pump, that generated about one horsepower ( hp ) and was used in numerous water works and tried in a few mines ( hence its " brand name ", The Miner's Friend ), but it was not a success since it was limited in pumping height and prone to boiler explosions.

Multiple incisions are required for technology such as the " Da Vinci " system, which uses a console located away from the patient, with the surgeon controlling a camera, vacuum pump, saline cleansing solution, cutting tools, etc.

In contrast, requiring only a single small incision, the " Bonati system " ( invented by Dr. Alfred Bonati ), uses a single 5-function control, so that a saline solution and the vacuum pump operate together when the laser cutter is activated.

* Rotary-type positive displacement: internal gear, screw, shuttle block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller, helical twisted roots ( e. g. the Wendelkolben pump ) or liquid ring vacuum pumps.

The reactive species combines with the photoresist to form ash which is removed with a vacuum pump.

For example, air begins to absorb significantly around the 193 nm wavelength ; moving to sub-193 nm wavelengths would require installing vacuum pump and purge equipment on the lithography tools ( a significant challenge ).

Other functions may be combined ; for example a rework station, mainly for surface-mount components may have a hot air gun, vacuum pickup tool, and a soldering head ; a desoldering station will have a desoldering head with vacuum pump for desoldering through-hole components, and a soldering iron head.

The history of thermodynamics as a scientific discipline generally begins with Otto von Guericke who, in 1650, built and designed the world's first vacuum pump and demonstrated a vacuum using his Magdeburg hemispheres.

Advances in equipment and fabrication techniques give the sign or display manufacturer an extremely wide choice of production techniques, ranging from injection molding for intricate, smaller-size, mass-production signs ( generally 5000 units is the minimum ) to vacuum and pressure forming for larger signs of limited runs.

This vacuum formed sign is comprised of 27-in. ( or smaller ) panels formed of 0.080-in. clear butyrate sheet stock, masked and sprayed on the rear side.

This force is used in the formal definition of the ampere, which states that it is " the constant current that will produce an attractive force of 2 × 10 < sup >– 7 </ sup > newton per metre of length between two straight, parallel conductors of infinite length and negligible circular cross section placed one metre apart in a vacuum ".

In the IERS numerical standards, the speed of light in a vacuum is defined as c < sub > 0 </ sub > = in a vacuum, in accordance with the SI units.

The vacuum state is defined as the state with no particle or antiparticle, i. e., and.

Then the energy of the vacuum is exactly E < sub > 0 </ sub >.

Since all energies are measured relative to the vacuum, H is positive definite.

For an adiabatic free expansion of an ideal gas, the gas is contained in an insulated container and then allowed to expand in a vacuum.

The Apollo spacecraft could be tested in two vacuum chambers capable of simulating atmospheric pressure at altitudes up to, which is nearly a vacuum.

In electronic vacuum devices such as a cathode ray tube, the anode is the positively charged electron collector.

Most abacá fiber is pulped and processed into specialty paper used in tea bags, vacuum bags, currency, and more.

To conduct an atom probe experiment, such a needle is placed in an ultra high vacuum chamber.

After introduction into the vacuum system, the sample is reduced to cryogenic temperatures ( typically 20-100 K ) and manipulated such that the needle's point is aimed towards an ion detector.

A liquid in a vacuum has a lower boiling point than when that liquid is at atmospheric pressure.

According to Birkhoff's theorem, it is the only vacuum solution that is spherically symmetric.

One hypothesis is that dark energy is the energy of virtual particles ( which mathematically must exist in a vacuum due to the uncertainty principle ).

In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation or just inflation is the theorized extremely rapid exponential expansion of the early universe by a factor of at least 10 < sup > 78 </ sup > in volume, driven by a negative-pressure vacuum energy density.

The cathode ray tube ( CRT ) is a vacuum tube containing an electron gun ( a source of electrons or electron emitter ) and a fluorescent screen used to view images.

The vacuum level inside the tube is ultra-high vacuum on the order of

When the Air Force project wound down, the Lab turned their attention to an effort to build a version of the Whirlwind using transistors in place of vacuum tubes.

Though his " Goblin " model lost out to competition from Hoover in the household vacuum market, his company successfully turned its focus to the industrial market, building ever-larger models for factories and warehouses.

Unlike the Audion, the vacuum triode could not demodulate radio signals directly ( although Langmuir and other researchers soon found alternative ways to do this ), but it was capable of linear ( i. e. undistorted ) amplification, which turned out to be a vastly more useful feature.

When the lights were turned on, vacuum actuators would flip the covers up and out of the way to expose the quad headlamps.

In this period of political disarray and disunity of purpose young Irish nationalists turned instead to the country ’ s ’ new cultural and militant movements, enabling the Church to fill the political vacuum.

Into this vacuum stepped three English delegates, Maurice Margarot, a merchant with a university education, Joseph Gerrald, friend and correspondent of William Godwin and an orator of flawless eloquence, and Matthew Campbell Browne, an actor turned reformer.

In tubes used in electronics, the getter material coats plates within the tube which are heated in normal operation ; when getters are used within more general vacuum systems, such as in semiconductor manufacturing, they are introduced as separate pieces of equipment in the vacuum chamber, and turned on when needed.

The material container is then placed into the vacuum chamber ; a vacuum pump is connected and turned on.

“ Still, there are two enormous gains ... Turned to God, my mind no longer meets that locked door ; turned to H., it no longer meets that vacuum … My jottings show something of the process, but not so much as I ’ d hoped.

When the metal has solidified, the vacuum is turned off and the sand runs out freely, releasing the casting.

This theatrical expansion eastward, which had begun slowly in the 1890s because of the great need in Eastern Europe to fill the vacuum of repertoire, turned into a conscious American export item during the 1910S.

The two ghosts are transported back to Earth on a flying broomstick, Catastrophe Kate having turned down the alternative of a flying vacuum cleaner.

Until 1705, most of these experiments were air pump experiments of a mundane nature, but Hauksbee then turned to investigating the luminosity of mercury which was known to emit a glow under barometric vacuum conditions.