The severe persecution of the famous expert in Arabic literature, Nasr Abu Zayd, is an example of this.

Uthman thus became the fourth male to convert to Islam, after Ali, Zayd and Abu Bakr.

Sometime before 851 CE, an Arab merchant in China, Abu Zayd Hasan, witnessed Chinese merchants using fingerprints to authenticate loans.

Hence ' Ali ibn Abi Talib and ' Abdullah ibn Mas ' ud formed much of the base of the school, as well as other personalities from the household of the Prophet from whom Abu Hanifa had studied such as Muhammad al-Baqir, Ja ' far al-Sadiq, and Zayd ibn ' Ali.

The most liberal Muslim intellectuals who focused on religious reform include Muhammad Ali ( writer ), Sayyid al-Qimni, Nasr Abu Zayd, Abdolkarim Soroush, Mohammed Arkoun, Mohammed Shahrour, Ahmed Subhy Mansour, Edip Yuksel, Gamal al-Banna, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na ' im, Ahmed Al-Gubbanchi, Mahmoud Mohammed Taha, and Faraj Foda, the last two were killed after apostasy claims which most of them have been accused of by traditional Islamic scholars.

Zaidis accounts state the term Rafida was a term used by Zayd ibn Ali on those who rejected him in his last hours for his refusal to condemn the first two Caliphs of the Muslim world, Abu Bakr and Umar.

Abu Hanifah once said about Imam Zayd, " I met with Zayd and I never saw in his generation a person more knowledgeable, as quick a thinker, or more eloquent than he was.

Manuscripts of al-Harīrī's Maqāmāt, anecdotes of a roguish wanderer Abu Zayd from Saruj, were frequently illustrated with miniatures.

This line of research was investigated in Egypt by Nasr Abu Zayd but he was expelled from Egypt because of his conclusions about the Qur ' an.

A 1908 Egyptian painting depicting Abu Zayd al-Hilali

Abu Zayd Ibn Rizq Al-Hilali (, ) was an 11th-century Arab leader and hero of the ' Amirid tribe of Banu Hilal.

On the orders of the Ismaili Fatimid caliph, Abu Zayd moved his tribe to Tunisia via Egypt to punish the Zirids for adopting Sunniism.

fr: Abu Zayd al-Hilali

it: Abu Zayd al-Hilali

They were led by Abu Zayd al-Hilali.

Some contemporary cases in Egypt are also found, for example Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd was accused of apostasy following his work on Islamic sources, describing the Qur ' an as a historical document.

* 2002 Nasr Abu Zayd

Segorbe was the residence of Zayd Abu Zayd, the last Almohad governor of Valencia.

* Hikmat Abu Zayd ( 1970 – 71 )

Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd (, ; July 10, 1943 – July 5, 2010 ) was an Egyptian Qur ' anic thinker and one of the leading liberal theologians in Islam.

Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd was born in Quhafa, some 120 km from Cairo, near Tanta, Egypt on July 10, 1943.

At the age of 12, Abu Zayd was imprisoned for allegedly sympathising with the Muslim Brotherhood.

The Nasr Abu Zayd case began when he was refused a promotion for the post of full professor.

Abu Sarah has been consistently involved in a range of workshops and efforts in which he has promoted greater efforts towards reconciliation and dialogue between individual Israelis and Palestinians.

Add caption hereThen he became in the era of President Abdullah Al-Sallal the commander of the commandos, then the responsible for the western, eastern and central provinces in 1972 then he was promoted to become the Deputy Prime Minister for Internal Affairs, then he was appointed to the position of the higher representative Commander of the Armed Forces, then in 13 June 1974 he was an effective member of the officers who ran the white military coup overthrewing the Judge Abdullrahman Al-Eryani in the revolutionary correction movement of June 13, 1974 and handed over all the president's and the member's of the republican council authorities to the military forces which represented in the leadership of the general and senior officers mentioned: Ahmad Ghashmi, Yahya Mutawakil, Mujahid Abu Shawareb, Ali Al-Shibh, Hammoud Pedder, Ali Alilla ' a, AED Abu meat, Ali Abu lohoum, and added later Abdaziz Abdul Ghani and Abdullah Abdulalim.

The irony of the story occurred when Cairo University promoted Abu Zayd to full professor and the academic committee wrote:

The Turkish leader Alptigin managed to gain the governorship of Khurasan for himself, and had Muhammad ibn Abu ' Ali Muhammad Bal ' ami, son of Emir Nasr's vizier, promoted to that post.

Abu al-Hasan al-Ash ' ari was noted for his teachings on atomism, among the earliest Islamic philosophies, and for al-Ash ' ari this was the basis for propagating the view that Allah created every moment in time and every particle of matter.

Some scholars hold the view that Muawiyah was the second of the two to convert, with Abu Sufyan convincing him to do it.

This is the view of Imam Abu Haneefah, and was also narrated from Imam Ahmad.

B. L. van der Waerden has interpreted the planetary models developed by Aryabhata ( 476-550 ), an Indian astronomer, and Abu Ma ' shar al-Balkhi ( 787-886 ), a Persian astronomer, to be heliocentric models but this view has been strongly disputed by others.

The Shia view is that Ali ’ s right to the caliphate was usurped and his family abused by Abu Bakr but Ali, Hasan and his younger brother Husayn ibn Ali valued the Muslim community's stability above their own rights, even going to defend the third caliph Uthman before Ali himself received the caliphate.

It is the view of the ADCED “ to bring together business and government leaders with the aim of making Abu Dhabi an international economic hub, boasting a world-class economic environment with sustainable growth ”.

< li > Resolves that, in view of its association with three world religions, the Jerusalem area, including the present municipality of Jerusalem plus the surrounding villages and towns, the most Eastern of which shall be Abu Dis ; the most Southern, Bethlehem ; the most Western, Ein Karim ( including also the built-up area of Motsa ); and the most Northern, Shu ' fat, should be accorded special and separate treatment from the rest of Palestine and should be placed under effective United Nations control ;

In Hersh's view, the program was used on detainees at the Abu Ghraib prison, leading directly to the prisoner abuse by US soldiers there.

In view of Sirri and Abu Musa being pirate lairs themselves, Hennell's successor, Major James Morrison, in January 1836, modified the restrictive line to run from Sham on the Trucial Coast to a point ten miles south of Abu Musa to Sáir Abu Noayr island.

The view that the Qasemi of Langeh had administered the Tonbs, Abu Musa, and Serri islands as the lieutenants of the Qasemi of the lower Persian Gulf was rebutted in later years by a legal adviser at the British foreign office in 1932 and the head of its eastern department in 1934.

The famous Companions Ibn Abbas and Ibn Mas ' ud are said to have favored this view, as cited by Abu Hayyan al Andalusi in his Bahr Al Muhit.

In fact, the Zahiri school generally views Malik, Shafi ' i, Abu Hanifa, and Ibn Hanbal in a positive light, and in the Zahiri point of view, the schools that claim to follow these scholars are at fault, not necessarily the original scholars themselves.

They reject the Shia view that Ali considered Abu Bakr's succession undeserved.

* Shi ' a view of Abu Bakr

* A view from the bottom, text by Mumia Abu Jamal ( 1998 )

They do not view him as a legitimate leader of the Ummah and believe it to be factually provable that Umar and Abu Bakr conspired to usurp power from Ali.

Shi ' a view Umar as the " khalifa-maker " of Abu Bakr and that during Abu Bakr's khilafat, Umar was his principal adviser.

Even after his death, Umar was responsible for the election that followed him, an election where Ali is quoted to view it as in effect rigged to the extent that he could not win it, in practice giving away the Muslim nation to Islam's former arch-enemies, the Banu Umayyad, starting with Uthman and continuing with the adopted son of Abu Sufyan, Muawiya I, followed by Yazid I, resulting in the slaughter of Banu Hashim in the battle of Karbala and ultimately the pillage and rape of Medina and the catapult assault on the Kaaba.