In 1030, the Muslim astronomer Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni, in his Ta ' rikh al-Hind, later translated into Latin as Indica, commented on Brahmagupta's work and wrote that critics argued:

Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni discussed the Indian heliocentric theories of Aryabhata, Brahmagupta and Varahamihira in his Ta ' rikh al-Hind ( Indica in Latin ).

* Other significant contributions to scientific and mathematical understanding were made by Avicenna, who would later publish influential works on medicine, Persian Muslim polymath and scientist Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Arab Egyptian Muslim mathematician and astronomer Ibn Yunus, Persian Muslim physicist and mathematician Abu Sahl al-Quhi ( Kuhi ) and Persian Muslim astronomer and mathematician, Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi.

* Abu Rayhan al-Biruni

Most of the leading scientists around the year 1000 were Muslim scientists, including Ibn al-Haytham ( Alhacen ), Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Avicenna, Abu al-Qasim ( Abulcasis ), Ibn Yunus, Abu Sahl al-Quhi ( Kuhi ), Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, Abu al-Wafa, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Al-Muqaddasi, Ali Ibn Isa, and al-Karaji ( al-Karkhi ), among others.

In particular, Ibn al-Haytham, Avicenna, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, and Abu al-Qasim, who all flourished around the year 1000, are considered to be among the greatest scientists of the Middle Ages.

* Abu Rayhan al-Biruni

Soon the name became known in Muslim Central Asia as well: when in 1026, the Ghaznavid court ( in Ghazna, in today's Afghanistan ) was visited by envoys from the Liao ruler, he was described as a " Qatā Khan ", i. e. the ruler of Qatā ; Qatā or Qitā appears in writings of al-Biruni and Abu Said Gardezi in the following decades.

* Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, outstanding scholar

Among the best known are: Ishaq ibn Hunain ( d. 911 ) ( son of Hunain ibn Ishaq ), the physician and translator of Greek philosophical works into Arabic ; ibn Fadlan, the explorer ; al Battani ( d. 923 ), astronomer ; Tabari ( d. 923 ), historian and theologian ; al-Razi ( d. 930 ), philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry ; al-Farabi ( d. 950 ), chemist and philosopher ; Abu Nasr Mansur ( d. 1036 ), mathematician ; Alhazen ( d. 1040 ), mathematician ; al-Biruni ( d. 1048 ), mathematician, astronomer, physicist ; Omar Khayyám ( d. 1123 ), poet, mathematician, and astronomer ; Mansur Al-Hallaj a mystic, writer and teacher of Sufism most famous for his apparent, but disputed, self-proclaimed divinity, his poetry and for his execution for heresy by Caliph Al-Muqtadir.

* Abu Rayhan Biruni 973 – 1048, Khorasan

* Abu Rayhan Biruni, a Muslim Scientist, ( born 5 September 973 in Kath, Khwarezm, died 13 December 1048 in Ghazni )

Abu Rayhan Biruni ( b. 973 ) discussed the possibility of whether the Earth rotated about its own axis and around the Sun, but in his Masudic Canon, he set forth the principles that the Earth is at the center of the universe and that it has no motion of its own.

Islamicate scientists, particularly Abu Rayhan Biruni ( 973 – 1048 ) and later Al-Khazini ( fl.

* 973 – 1048 physics Abu Raihan Al-Biruni ; Astronomy, Mathematics.

Other critics of religion in the Islamic world include the physician and philosopher Abu Bakr al-Razi ( 865 – 925 ), and the poet Al-Ma ` arri ( 973 – 1057 ).

* 2004 – U. S. media release graphic photos of American soldiers abusing and sexually humiliating Iraqi prisoners at Abu Ghraib prison.

* Abu Bakr ibn Umar ( 1056 – 1087 )-partitioned reign from 1072.

Abu Bakr ( Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa ) (, c. 573 CE – 23 August 634 CE ) also known as Abū Bakr as-Șiddīq ( Arabic: أبو بكر الصديق ) was a senior companion ( Sahabi ) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In the 10th century, Middle-Eastern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu ' l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi in 952 – 953.

* 2003 – U. S. troops in Baghdad capture Abu Abbas, leader of the Palestinian group that killed an American on the hijacked cruise liner the in 1985.

The four reportedly pledged themselves to Jihad in the Spring of 2000, in a ceremony presided over by Wail – who had dubbed himself Abu Mossaeb al-Janubi after one of Muhammad's companions.

* 1971 – Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Fujairah, Sharjah, Dubai, and Umm Al Quwain form the United Arab Emirates.

* 2004 – A bombing of a Superferry by Abu Sayyaf in the Philippines ' worst terrorist attack kills 116.

Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun (; full title: Al-Sultan al -' Azam wal Khaqan al-Mukarram, Jam-i-Sultanat-i-haqiqi wa Majazi, Sayyid al-Salatin, Abu ' l Muzaffar Nasir ud-din Muhammad Humayun Padshah Ghazi, Zillu ' llah ; OS 7 March 1508 – OS 17 January 1556 ) was the second Mughal Emperor who ruled present day Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1530 – 1540 and again from 1555 – 1556.

* 2006 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, the leader of Al-Qaeda in Iraq, is killed in an airstrike by the United States Air Force.

* 2006 – Abu Musab al-Zarqawi, Jordanian terrorist, member of al-Qaeda ( b. 1966 )

* 1799 – At Abu Qir in Egypt, Napoleon I of France defeats 10, 000 Ottomans under Mustafa Pasha.

* 2010 – Abu Daoud, Palestinian terrorist, planner of the Munich massacre ( b. 1937 )

* 2002 – A scandal breaks out in the United Kingdom when news reports accuse MI6 of sheltering Abu Qatada, the supposed European Al-Qaeda leader.

* 1885 – A British force defeats a large Dervish army at the Battle of Abu Klea in the Sudan.

On the other hand, al-Ghazali ( 1058 – 1111 ) ( and in modern times, Abu Muhammad Asem al-Maqdisi ) argued that Qiyas refers to analogical reasoning in a real sense and categorical syllogism in a metaphorical sense.

* 1628 – 1631: Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik II

* 2001 – Members of Islamist separatist group Abu Sayyaf seize twenty hostages from an upscale island resort on Palawan in the Philippines ; the hostage crisis would not be resolved until June 2002.

In the Swahili and Indonesian culture many of his stories are being told under the name of " Abunuwasi " or " Abunawas ", though this confuses Nasreddin with an entirely different man – the poet Abu Nuwas, known for homoerotic verse.

* Masdar City, Abu Dhabi ( 2007 – 2023 )

* 1975 – In Bangladesh, a joint force of people and soldiers takes part in an uprising led by Col. Abu Taher that ousts and kills Brig.

Abu Rayhan Biruni ( d. 1048 ) also introduced triangulation techniques to measure the size of the Earth and the distances between various places.

* Abu Kalijar Marzuban b. Abu Shuja ' ( Imad al-Din ) 1024 – 1048

* Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun 1048 – 1062

* Abu Kalijar 1044 – 1048

* 1048: Death of the Buwayhid Abu Kalijar, accession of Malik ur Rahim.

The poet Abu Saeed Abolkheir ( 967 – 1048 ) mentioned in his works, the word dayereh as a drum.

Abu Kalijar ( died October 1048 ) was the Buyid amir of Fars ( 1024 – 1048 ), Kerman ( 1028 – 1048 ) and Iraq ( 1044 – 1048 ).