According to Polanyi, in modern capitalist economies the concepts of formalism and substantivism coincide since people organise their livelihoods based on the principle of rational choice.

According to Polanyi, a key event of 1834 which allowed the formation of free markets to take place in Great Britain ( the worlds foremost economy at the time ), was the abolition of outdoor relief which followed the seizure of political power by the middle classes in 1832.

According to historian Adrian Johns, the slogan expresses a view that had already been articulated in the mid 20th century by Norbert Wiener, Michael Polanyi and Arnold Plant, who advocated the free communication of scientific knowledge, and specifically criticized the patent system.

According to Polanyi, " not until 1834 was a competitive labor market established in England, hence industrial capitalism as a social system cannot be said to have existed before that date.

According to the Fraser Institute, Alberta has very high levels of economic freedom and rates Alberta as the most free economy in Canada, and second most free economy amongst U. S. states and Canadian provinces.

According to Hailsham, a former chairman of the British Conservative Party, " Conservatism is not so much a philosophy as an attitude, a constant force, performing a timeless function in the development of a free society, and corresponding to a deep and permanent requirement of human nature itself.

According to chemistry historian Henry Leicester, the influential 1923 textbook Thermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactions by Gilbert N. Lewis and Merle Randall led to the replacement of the term " affinity " by the term " free energy " in much of the English-speaking world.

According to Christian tradition, Christ descended to hell after his death, in order to free the souls there ; this event is known as the harrowing of hell.

According to a 2003 report in the New York Post, the Britannica management has eliminated employee 401 ( k ) accounts and encouraged the use of free images.

According to Maxwell's equations, the speed of light in a vacuum is a universal constant, dependent only on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of free space.

According to the Buddhist point of view, once we have developed a genuine understanding of the causes of suffering, such as craving ( tanha ) and ignorance ( avijja ), then we can completely eradicate these causes and thus be free from suffering.

According to the Free Software Foundation, " freeware " is a loosely defined category and it has no clear accepted definition, although FSF says it must be distinguished from free software ( libre ).

According to d ' Eslon, Mesmer understood health as the free flow of the process of life through thousands of channels in our bodies.

According to Newton's law of gravity, and independently verified by experiments such as that of Eötvös and its successors ( see Eötvös experiment ), there is a universality of free fall ( also known as the weak equivalence principle, or the universal equality of inertial and passive-gravitational mass ): the trajectory of a test body in free fall depends only on its position and initial speed, but not on any of its material properties.

According to several accounts of this time, guilds became increasingly involved in simple territorial struggles against each other and against free practitioners of their arts.

According to Anthony Harkins in Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon, the term first appeared in print in a 1900 New York Journal article, with the definition: " a Hill-Billie is a free and untrammeled white citizen of Alabama, who lives in the hills, has no means to speak of, dresses as he can, talks as he pleases, drinks whiskey when he gets it, and fires off his revolver as the fancy takes him.

According to academic Carlotta Anderson, American individualist anarchists accept that free competition results in unequal wealth distribution, but they " do not see that as an injustice.

According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free.

According to this concept, the free unions of adults are legitimate relations which should be respected by all third parties whether they are emotional or sexual relations.

According to Harry W. Fritz, " All earlier Missouri River travelers had warned of this powerful and aggressive tribe, determined to block free trade on the river.

According to Hayes, Microsoft and Blizzard helped themselves through their licenses because fan creations provide free publicity and are unlikely to harm sales.

According to Factory's co-founder Tony Wilson, " All our bands are free to fuck off whenever they please.

According to Rand, attaining knowledge beyond what is given in perception requires both volition ( or the exercise of free will ) and adherence to a specific method of validation through observation, concept-formation, and the application of inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning.

" According to Rand, therefore, possessing free will, human beings must choose their values: one does not automatically hold one's own life as his ultimate value.

According to Stallman, " We disagree with the open source camp on the basic goals and values, but their views and ours lead in many cases to the same practical behavior — such as developing free software.

According to musician and author Albin Zak, the combination of the studio — engineered by Bill Porter, who experimented with close miking the doo-wop backup singers — production by Foster, and accompanying musicians, gave Orbison's music a " polished, professional sound ... finally allow ( ing ) Orbison's stylistic inclinations free rein ".

According to Tylor, the more scientifically advanced the society, the less that society believed in Animism ; however, any remnant ideologies of souls or spirits, to Tylor, represented “ survivals ” of the original animism of early humanity.

According to Moyra Grant, in political philosophy " collectivism " refers to any philosophy or system that puts any kind of group ( such as a class, nation, race, society, state, etc.

According to Dewey, the curriculum in the schools should reflect that of society.

According to Bloch, other elements of society can be seen in feudal terms ; all the aspects of life were centered on " lordship ", and so we can speak usefully of a feudal church structure, a feudal courtly ( and anti-courtly ) literature, and a feudal economy.

According to the GÉANT website its core objective is to deliver real value and benefit to society by enabling research communities across Europe, and the world, to transform the way they collaborate on ground-breaking research.

According to Karl Marx, industrialisation polarised society into the bourgeoisie ( those who own the means of production, the factories and the land ) and the much larger proletariat ( the working class who actually perform the labour necessary to extract something valuable from the means of production ).

According to Marx, “ Even an entire society, a nation, or all simultaneously existing societies taken together.

According to this model, most views within society are freely expressed, and the mass media are accountable to the people and tends to reflect the spectrum of opinion.

According to this view, human society was formerly a matriarchy, with communities being egalitarian, pacifistic and focused on the worship of the Goddess ; such a society was subsequently overthrown by violent patriarchal hordes who worshiped male sky gods and who continued to rule through the form of Christianity.

According to natural law theory, which holds that morality is a function of human nature and reason can discover valid moral principles by looking at the nature of humanity in society, the content of positive law cannot be known without some reference to natural law ( or something like it ).

According to Charles C. Mann's, " 1491 ", only the lower classes of Aztec society were polytheistic.

According to Plutarch, Spartan society twice underwent major upheavals sparked by ephors ' dreams at the shrine during the Hellenistic era.

According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five.

According to the decree, restrictions were focused on the ' parasitic stratum ' of society, in the interest of the ' working population '.

According to a 2011 survey by Rasmussen Reports, a majority of Americans support profiling as necessary " in today's society ".

According to Igor Primoratz, " Both Nazis and Soviets sought to impose total political control on society.

According to most political philosophies, taxes are justified as they fund activities that are necessary and beneficial to society.

According to Ludwig von Mises, " society as a whole " should not make such decisions, due to methodological individualism.

According to one anthropological theory, hunter-gatherers were the original affluent society.

According to Procopius, the Heruli were a polytheistic society known to practice human sacrifice.