The CTCA program of activities was profuse: William Farnum and Mary Pickford on the screen, Elsie Janis and Harry Lauder on the stage, books provided by the American Library Association, full equipment for games and sports -- except that no `` bones '' were furnished for the all-time favorite pastime played on any floor and known as `` African golf ''.

# REDIRECT African American

* 1864 – American Civil War: The Fort Pillow massacre: Confederate forces kill most of the African American soldiers that surrendered at Fort Pillow, Tennessee.

Harvesting Freedom: African American Agrarianism in Civil War Era South Carolina ( 2007 )

Black sign language is influenced by African American English ( AAE ).

Remaining steadfast to his pedagogy, a forerunner of progressive and democratic schooling, he alienated parents in a later " parlor school " by admitting an African American child to the class, whom he then refused to expel in the face of protests.

It has had particular influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic African American spiritual.

He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse not written by Newton that had been passed down orally in African American communities for at least 50 years.

Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the " dangers, toils, and snares " of Newton's words are a " universal testimony " of the African American experience.

In the 1960s with the African American Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone.

* 1968 – James Anderson, Jr. posthumously receives the first Medal of Honor to be awarded to an African American U. S. Marine.

Du Bois ' Black Reconstruction, first published in 1935, historians have noted African American contributions during Reconstruction to founding what were often the first systems of public education and welfare institutions in the South, gave muted praise for Republican efforts to extend suffrage and provide other social institutions, and excoriated Johnson for opposing the extension of basic rights to freedmen.

At the time both South African and South American plants were placed in the same genus ; subsequently they were separated into two different genera.

The key question is whether Linnaeus's type was a South African plant or a South American plant.

* 1910 – Vivien Thomas, African American surgeon ( d. 1985 )

* 1967 – Thurgood Marshall is confirmed as the first African American Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

The loss of syllable-final r in North America is confined mostly to the accents of eastern New England, New York City and surrounding areas and the coastal portions of the South, and African American Vernacular English.

African Americans ( also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes ) are citizens or residents of the United States who have total or significant partial ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.

* African American Vernacular English

This is a feature of African American Vernacular English but is also used by a variety of English speakers in informal contexts.

Thus non-standard language varieties ( such as African American Vernacular English ) are considered to be natural while standard language varieties ( such as Standard American English ) which are more prescribed can be considered to be at least somewhat artificial or constructed.

A self-referential pronoun in African American Vernacular English usage popularized by the rap and hip-hop music cultures.

In late 1996, Oakland was the center of a controversy surrounding Ebonics ( African American Vernacular English ), an ethnolect the outgoing Oakland Unified School District board voted to recognize on December 18.

Due to the county's proximity to Virginia, the Carolina coast, and the Appalachian foothills, a wide variety of Southern American English dialects can be heard, with Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern, South Midland, and African American Vernacular English the most common.

Within American English, General American and accents approximating it are contrasted with Southern American English, several Northeastern accents, and other distinct regional accents and social group accents like African American Vernacular English.

Since the 1996 controversy over its use by the Oakland School Board, the term Ebonics has primarily been used to refer to African American Vernacular English ( AAVE ), a dialect distinctively different from Standard American English.

: 4. it " is the antonym of black English and is considered to be a language other than English " ( and thus a rejection of the notion of " African American Vernacular English " but nevertheless a term for what others term AAVE, viewed as an independent language and not a mere ethnolect ).

Category: African American Vernacular English

African American Vernacular English ( AAVE )— recently called African American Language ( AAL ) also called African American English ; less precisely Black English, Black Vernacular, Black English Vernacular ( BEV ), or Black Vernacular English ( BVE )— is an African American variety ( dialect, ethnolect and sociolect ) of American English.

Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, India, Belize, and various Caribbean and African nations have adopted English common law through reception statutes although they do not inevitably continue to copy English Common Law ; later cases can often draw on decisions in other Common Law jurisdictions.

The oldest musical tradition which fits under the label of Celtic fusion originated in the rural American south in the early colonial period and incorporated Scottish, Scots-Irish, Irish, English, and African influences.

Most of them were Dutch, French, British ( English ), Arab and Jewish ( from Lebanon and Morocco ), Chinese ( especially from Macau ), American, and Brazilian ( including people of Portuguese and African descent ).

The majority of Caymanians are of African and English descent, with considerable interracial mixing.

Australian English and New Zealand English are closely related to each other, and share some similarities with South African English.

These dialects have roots in 17th-century English and African languages ; unlike most native varieties of English, West Indian dialects often tend to be syllable-timed rather than stress-timed.

Several dialects of West African English exist, with a lot of regional variation and some influence from indigenous language.

West African English tends to be syllable-timed, and its phoneme inventory is much simpler than that of Received Pronunciation ; this sometimes affects mutual intelligibility with native varieties of English.

A distinctive East African English is spoken in countries such as Kenya or Tanzania.

Clockwise from upper left: a self-portrait from Vincent van Gogh, an African Chokwe people | Chokwe statue, detail from the The Birth of Venus ( Botticelli ) | Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli and a Japanese Shisa | Shisa lion

File: England ; London-The British Museum, Facade South Front ~-Main Entrance + West Wing-Collonade + The Africa Garden. 2. JPG | African Garden-created by BBC TV programme Ground Force

| African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde

File: Lettuce watering in CAR. jpg | Growing lettuce in the Central African Republic.

File: Cotton field in CAR. jpg | A cotton field in the Central African Republic.

Muammar Gaddafi at the 2009 African Union | AU summit in Addis Ababa.

| See African Monetary Union

Ghanaian soldiers boarding a USAF C-130 Hercules at Kotoka International Airport to take part in an Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group | ECOMOG mission in Liberia

African Kora ( instrument ) | kora-a double-bridge-harp-lute.

African knight of Kingdom of Baguirmi | Baguirmi in full gambeson | padded armour suit.

Malagasy people | Malagasy ancestry reflects a blend of Southeast Asian and East African roots

Bishop Richard Allen ( bishop ) | Richard Allen, the founder of the African Methodist Episcopal Church.

American musician Dom Flemons of the Carolina Chocolate Drops plays the quills, a traditional African American pan flute, suspending it in front of his mouth with a Harmonica # Rack or holder | harmonica rack

1940s advertisement specifically targeting African Americans, A young Ron Brown ( U. S. politician ) | Ron Brown is the boy reaching for a bottle

| Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front

| Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front