After the Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run and the retirement of the aged Winfield Scott in late 1861, Lincoln appointed Major General George B. McClellan general-in-chief of all the Union armies.

After a Republican victory, but before the new administration took office on March 4, 1861, seven cotton states declared their secession and joined to form the Confederate States of America.

After Italy was unified in 1861, many of Verdi's early operas were re-interpreted as Risorgimento works with hidden Revolutionary messages that probably had not been intended by either the composer or librettist.

After 1861, new brass cartridges similar to modern cartridges replaced the paper cartridge, but Gatling did not switch to them immediately.

After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the use of the Polish language noticeably increased in eastern Lithuania and western Belarus.

After being bedridden with a case of pneumonia during the fall of 1861, Martin Van Buren died of bronchial asthma and heart failure at his Lindenwald estate in Kinderhook at 2: 00 a. m. on July 24, 1862.

After this, in the mid to late 19th century, only in autonomous Galicia ( 1861 – 1914 ) was there a unicameral, functioning National Sejm ; it is recognised today as having played a major, and overwhelming positive role in the development of Polish national institutions.

After President Lincoln relieved Frémont from command, Grant attacked Fort Belmont taking 3, 114 Union troops by boat on November 7, 1861, and initially took the fort, but his army was later pushed back to Cairo by the reinforced Confederate General Gideon J. Pillow.

After the death of his father in 1861, Gibbs inherited enough money to make him financially independent.

After the plebiscite later that year Palermo and the whole of Sicily became part of the new Kingdom of Italy ( 1861 ).

After Italian unification in 1861 the Bourbon dynasty in Italy was no more.

After the end of the Spanish period following the European wars of the early 18th century, the brief period of Austrian rule ( 1708 – 1717 ) was succeeded by domination by the Piemontese, who then took over the Title of Kingdom of Sardinia ( 1720 – 1861 ).

After the end of the French empire, Asti returned to Piedmont in 1814 ; the city followed Piedmontese history until the unification of Italy in 1861.

After his apprenticeship and three years as a journeyman plumber, in 1861 Crapper set himself up as a sanitary engineer, with his own brass foundry and workshops in nearby Marlborough Road.

After the Risorgimento, the expansion of the Piedmontese, and Italian unification, in 1861 Umbria was incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy.

After the creation of the Italian Kingdom in 1861, Paolo pressed and obtained recognition for Tavolara from Victor Emmanuel II.

" After Frémont refused to rescind the emancipation order, President Lincoln terminated him from active duty on November 2, 1861.

After the Southern states seceded in 1861 and most of their representatives resigned from Congress, the Republican Congress passed the bill ; it was signed into law by President Abraham Lincoln on May 20, 1862.

After the South seceded and their delegations left Congress in 1861, the Republicans and other supporters of the Upper South passed the act.

After the American Civil War ( 1861 – 1865 ), William Mahone, a civil engineer and hero of the Battle of the Crater, was the driving force in the linkage of 3 railroads, including the V & T, across the southern tier of Virginia to form the Atlantic, Mississippi & Ohio Railroad ( AM & O ), a new line extending from Norfolk to Bristol, Virginia in 1870.

After the defeat of the Confederacy in the American Civil War ( 1861 – 65 ) and Reconstruction, Texas rejoined the United States of America in 1870.

After the Confederacy forced the surrender of Fort Sumter, South Carolina, in 1861, the Assumption Parish Police Jury appropriated $ 1, 000 to provide uniforms for military volunteers against the Union.

After the defeat of the Union forces at Bull Run on July 21, 1861, Lincoln summoned McClellan from West Virginia, where McClellan had given the North the only actions thus far having a semblance of military victories.

After the American Civil War had begun, in 1861, he entered military service with the 22nd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment.

After the strenuous project was completed in 1860, floods wiped out substantial stretches of the road, and the road was re-routed in 1861.

After the war began, he long refused to permit emancipation of the slaves by Union action even in the Border States that stayed with the Union.

After emancipation, his mother moved the family to rejoin her husband in West Virginia ; there Washington worked in a variety of manual labor jobs before making his way to Hampton Roads seeking an education.

After the American Revolutionary War established the United States, northern states, beginning with Pennsylvania in 1780, passed legislation during the next two decades to abolish slavery, sometimes by gradual emancipation.

After emancipation Caribbean societies inherited a rigid racial stratification that was reinforced by the unequal distribution of wealth and power.

After many decades of work both in British society and in Parliament, the group saw their efforts rewarded with the final passage of the Slave Trade Act in 1807, banning the trade throughout the British Empire and, after many further years of campaigning, the total emancipation of British slaves with the passing of the Slavery Abolition Act in 1833.

After emancipation, former slaves and whites both began to view the lack of officially recognized marriage for their unions as problematic.

After emancipation, many freedmen and women took the surnames of their former owners as their own.

After having placed himself at the forefront of the political emancipation process that Greenland's population began in earnest in the early 1970s, Motzfeldt became synonymous with the Greenland Home Rule.

After the Missouri Compromise, he continued to support gradual emancipation in various ways.

After emancipation, this tradition continued and, today, Junkanoo has evolved from its simple origins to a formal, more organized parade with sophisticated, intricate costumes, themed music and incentive prizes.

After the Second World War, the Polish Communist state ( established in 1948 ) forcefully promoted women's emancipation at home and at work.

After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861, peasants gained control of about half of the land they had previously cultivated, and began to ask for the redistribution of all land.

After the American Civil War, emancipation of slaves meant the decline of the industry.

After emancipation, unique African-American traditions continued to flourish, as distinctive traditions or radical innovations in music, art, literature, religion, cuisine, and other fields.

After the American Civil War and the emancipation of slaves, Hyman returned to North Carolina in 1865.

After their emancipation in 1865, several continued to work for pay and live at Sweet Briar.

After emancipation, his family continued to farm on the plantation until the 1930s.

After Napoleon ’ s emancipation of the Jews he “ wanted to mandate what some proponents of emancipation had hoped would happen, namely the total assimilation, or biological fusion of Jews with the rest of the French people .” To mandate the assimilation of Jews in to French society, three decrees were issued on March 17, 1808.

After the death of Archbishop Johannes Zwijsen Schaepman campaigned for the emancipation of Catholicism in the Netherlands.

After emancipation, Jim and Winnie bought " a league " of land and founded the freedmen's community of Shankleville.

After the emancipation, when he gave up the editorship of ' Ben Chananja, he devoted himself to larger archeological monographs, of which the following were published: Die Graphischen Requisiten ( 1870 – 71 ) and Die Lebensalter in der jüdischen Literatur ( 1875 ).