Also as Salieri aged he moved slowly away from his more liberal political stances as he saw the enlightened reform of Joseph II's reign, and the hoped for reforms of the French revolution, replaced with more radical revolutionary ideas.

Ironically, under Catherine ’ s enlightened reign, serfdom was intensified and spread to newly conquered territories.

Since Willson, however, the stability of James's government in Scotland and in the early part of his English reign, as well as his relatively enlightened views on religion and war, have earned him a re-evaluation from many historians, who have rescued his reputation from this tradition of criticism.

It was in effect one, if not the most, comprehensive attempt at enlightened reform during the reign of Louis XVI.

It was a hallmark not only for his enlightened reign, but for all of Georgian history and culture.

Frederick the Great became known as the first “ King of Prussia .” During his reign, he practiced enlightened absolutism.

We are tempted to blame others for our problems rather than look them straight in the face and realize they are of our own making and possible of solution only by ourselves with the help of desperately needed, enlightened, competent leaders.

Instead, the audience can sit back at ease and, from the perspective of an enlightened time which no longer believes in such things, enjoy the dead seriousness with which the characters in the play take the witches and devils which are under discussion.

He tinformed Olga Carlisle that, at the end of The Blind Beauty, he wished to depict " the birth of an enlightened and affluent middle class, open to occidental influences, progressive, intelligent, artistic ..." However, Pasternak fell ill with terminal lung cancer before he could complete the first play of the trilogy.

Various individuals in the Buddhist faith, beginning with Siddhartha, are considered to be enlightened, and in religious forms of Buddhism they are credited with divine powers.

However, after a long political career and with a very conservative reputation, in 1989 he placed himself at the head of verligte (" enlightened ") forces within the governing party, with the result that he was elected head of the National Party in February 1989, and finally State President in September 1989 to replace then president P. W.

Although the conditions were ripe for industrial unrest — Communist influence in the union movement was then at its peak, and the right-wing faction in Cabinet was openly agitating for a showdown with the unions — the combination of strong economic growth and Holt's enlightened approach to industrial relations saw the number of working hours lost to strikes fall dramatically, from over two million in 1949 to just 439, 000 in 1958.

Jainism was established by a lineage of 24 enlightened beings culminating with Parsva ( 9th century BCE ) and Mahavira ( 6th century BCE ).

Although there may be exceptions, it is thought by many international academics that most states enter into legal commitments with other states out of enlightened self-interest rather than adherence to a body of law that is higher than their own.

The poem's self-proclaimed fragmentary nature combined with Coleridge's warning about the poem in the preface turns Kubla Khan into an " anti-poem ", a work that lacks structure, order, and leaves the reader confused instead of enlightened.

To quote the biographic entry in the 1888 Encyclopædia Britannica, " There he laboured to maintain the discipline of the army, to suppress the rising rebellion, and to protect the people from military oppression, with the care worthy of a great general and an enlightened and beneficent statesman.

The pluaristic dialogue of Sikhism began with the founder of Sikhism Guru Nanak after becoming enlightened saying the words " Na koi hindu na koi musalman "-There is no Hindu, there is no Muslim.

In 245 BC, bhikkhuni Sangamitta arrived with the Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi tree, which is considered to be a sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which Gautama Buddha became enlightened.

King Gustav III ( 1746 – 1792 ) came to the throne in 1771, and in 1772 led a coup d ' état, with French support, that established him as an " enlightened despot ," who ruled at will.

The animal learns to communicate with the owner, and while it does not become intelligent per se, it is more enlightened than a normal animal of its type.

From then till 1405, nine members of the moderately enlightened Carraresi family succeeded one another as lords of the city, with the exception of a brief period of Scaligeri overlordship between 1328 and 1337 and two years ( 1388 – 1390 ) when Giangaleazzo Visconti held the town.

Economists tend to disagree with these critiques, arguing that it may be relevant to analyze the consequences of enlightened egoism just as it may be worthwhile to consider altruistic or social behavior.

The Tokugawa Shogunate was overthrown with the fall of Edo in the summer of 1868, and a new era called Meiji, meaning " enlightened rule ", proclaimed.

At the same time his theological stand was grounded in the conditions of his time where he envisioned the ideal society to be one that was led by an enlightened, God-centred government with all the people united under Christian fellowship.

In an interview, Pauwels said of the Gurdjieff work: "... After two years of exercises which both enlightened and burned me, I found myself in a hospital bed with a thrombosed central vein in my left eye and weighing ninety-nine pounds ... Horrible anguish and abysses opened up for me.

Linji was trained by the Chan master Huángbò Xīyùn ( 黃蘗希運 ) but, according to the Record of Linji, enlightened while discussing Huángbò's teaching during a conversation with the reclusive monk Dàyú ( 大愚 ).

Their newspapers are vaguely subversive with their folksy, enlightened commentary on world affairs ; their dinner conversations knowledgeably reference great theories of psychology, politics, and cognitive science.

Nichiren taught that by chanting " Nam-Myōhō-Renge-Kyō ", which means, " Devotion to the Mystic / Wonderful Dharma / Law of the Lotus Flower Sutra " to the Gohonzon ( 御本尊 ), a mandala he inscribed with Chinese and Sanskrit characters representing the enlightened life of the True Buddha, anyone can bring forth their inherent Buddha nature and become enlightened.

# The outer dakini is the physical form of the dakini, attained through Completion Stage Tantra practices such as the Six Yogas of Naropa that work with the subtle winds of the subtle body so that the practitioner's body is compatible with an enlightened mind.

In this context economic rationalism may be summarised as " the view that commercial activity ... represents a sphere of activity in which moral considerations, beyond the rule of business probity dictated by enlightened self-interest, have no role to play.

He specified his plans for the future Cuban Republic, a multi-class and multi-racial democratic republic based on universal suffrage, with an egalitarian economic base to develop fully Cuba's productive resources and an equitable distribution of land among citizens, with enlightened and virtuous politicians.

He believed that unfettered wealth stifled initiative and impeded economic advancement, and hoped that progressive thinkers among the ownership class itself would come to realize the negative impact of economic parasitism and accept their civic duty of enlightened leadership.

The enlightened policy of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries encouraged an extraordinary economic flourishing, making Trieste the empire ’ s port.

Although he viewed every state as a coercive apparatus designed to secure the economic exploitation of the masses, he defended democratic freedoms, which he considered a result of a desire for freedom of the enlightened public.

Yet, enlightened rule also provided new educational and economic opportunities for the Czech people.

The issue of the lump of labour, as well as that of the consequences of technological progress on employment, can be enlightened recurring to simple tools of economic theory, by distinguishing the substitution and the scale effect of a change of the conditions of employment.

Consequently, they call for a more equal distribution of economic, social, cultural, and information capital, which would lead to a more informed citizenry, as well as a more enlightened, representative political discourse

Thus, although Pound indeed distrusted the masses, " foreigners ," and so forth, The Cantos themselves ( with their references to Confucius, the agrarian populism of Jeffersonian and Jacksonian Democracy, and even the " enlightened despotism " of Leopold II ) reflect the underlying conservative sentiment behind his more well-known social and economic views ( including his anti-semitism.

The need for a perennial Milchkuh ( cash cow ) to provide a steady cash flow is often cited as symptomatic of the Wiener Werkstätte's economic naiveté, but in fact, the notion of an enlightened patron was central to the Werkstätte's operating philosophy.

The political climate in Prague was a further source of gloom ; hopes of a more enlightened government and social reform following Franz Joseph's accession in 1848 had faded as Austrian absolutism reasserted itself under Baron Alexander von Bach.

The concept of Integral Humanism has a special place in its ideology, the BJP's right-wing politics include some aspects of modern conservatism, social conservatism, progressivism and enlightened nation which draws inspiration from India's ancient Indian culture and values.

Besides creating many of the ground rules of the detective novel, The Moonstone also reflected Collins ' enlightened social attitudes in his treatment of the Indians and the servants in the novel.

For example, although Empress Catherine II of Russia entirely rejected the concept of the social contract, she took up many ideas of the Enlightenment, being a great patron of the arts in Imperial Russia and incorporating many ideas of enlightened philosophes, especially Montesquieu, in her Nakaz, which was meant to revise Russian law.

The book brought him far more than just literary recognition ; he expended his efforts and energy on the war against dictatorships, specifically that of Rosas, and contrasted enlightened Europe — a world where, in his eyes, democracy, social services, and intelligent thought were valued — with the barbarism of the gaucho and especially the caudillo, the ruthless strongmen of nineteenth-century Argentina.

He preferred emphasizing practical notions about the importance of national unity, principled leadership, liberal politics, enlightened journalism, the social responsibility of business and industry, and scientific and technical progress that added to the cultural improvement of humanity.

Generally, one can observe that Veerashaiva sect of the society are comparatively educated, progress-oriented, enlightened & contributing significantly in various fields like education, trade, commerce, industry, Science & Technology, community development and social welfare etc.

* Facsimile and excerpt from We are the people our parents warned us against by Nicholas Von Hoffman ( historically interesting particularly for its demonstration of homophobia within a hippy social context preceding the freak scene's more enlightened attitude

Many enlightened chancellors did not restrict the positions in their staff to nobility ( szlachta ), and often sponsored intelligent applicants from other social classes, not only by hiring them to the chancellery but by paying for their studies at universities in Poland and abroad.

He alleges that Bookchin adopts a " work ethic ", and that his favored themes, such as the denunciation of Yuppies, actually repeat themes in mass consumer culture, and that he fails to analyze the social basis of capitalist " selfishness "; instead, Black calls for an enlightened " selfishness " which is simultaneously social, as in Max Stirner's work.

Maude Barlow, national chairperson of the Council of Canadians, argues that Strauss has " inflamed, not enlightened " the debate over globalization by making " no distinction between the far right's critique of globalization and that of the global social justice movement ", which is premised on " respect for human rights and cultural diversity ".

Among the enlightened rulers of Jammu was Raja Ranjit Dev, ( 1728 – 1780 ) who introduced certain social reforms such as a ban on ' Sati ' ( immolation of the wife on the pyre of the husband ) and female infanticide.

The more that social democracy develops, grows, and becomes stronger, the more the enlightened masses of workers will take their own destinies, the leadership of their movement, and the determination of its direction into their own hands.

And as the entire social democracy movement is only the conscious advance guard of the proletarian class movement, which in the words of the Communist Manifesto represent in every single moment of the struggle the permanent interests of liberation and the partial group interests of the workforce vis à vis the interests of the movement as whole, so within the social democracy its leaders are the more powerful, the more influential, the more clearly and consciously they make themselves merely the mouthpiece of the will and striving of the enlightened masses, merely the agents of the objective laws of the class movement.

Over the years many sociologists have contributed theories and research which has enlightened psychiatry in this area ( e. g. Avison and Robins ); The relationship between social factors and mental illness was demonstrated by the early work of Hollingshead and Readlich in Chicago in the 1930s, who found a high concentration of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia in deprived areas of the city has been replicated numerous times throughout the world, although controversy still exists as to the extent of drift of vulnerable individuals to these areas or of a higher incidence of the disorder in the socially disadvantaged ; the Midtown Manhattan Study conducted in the 1950s by Cornell University hinted at widespread psychopathology among the general population of New York City ( Srole, Sanger, Michael, Opler, and Rennie, 1962 ); the Three Hospitals Study ( Wing JK and Brown GW, Social Treatments of Chronic Schizophrenia: a comparative survey of three mental hospitals, 1961, Journal of Mental Science, 107, 847-861 ) was a very influential work that has been replicated, that demonstrated forcefully that the poverty of the environment in poor mental hospitals lead to greater handicaps in the patients.

Neo-Bonapartists are often similar to enlightened despots, who use their absolute power to advance liberalism, freedoms, and social welfare, though in many cases of supposed neo-Bonapartism the exact opposite is achieved ; giving rise to bastard movements more like traditional dictatorships.

The greater social vision of Shambhala is that it is possible, moment by moment, for individuals to establish enlightened society.