Economists are especially interested in studying the SCPP because they tend to believe that seller concentration affects the industry ’ s social performance.

Economists tend to cite four possible causes of price stickiness: menu costs, money illusion, imperfect information with regard to price changes, and fairness concerns.

* Economists from Adam Smith to Paul Krugman have noted that similar businesses tend to congregate geographically (" agglomerate "); opening near similar companies attracts workers with skills in that business, which draws in more businesses seeking experienced employees.

Economists disagree as to the measurable impact of minimum wages in the ' real world '.

Economists and political economists often disagree on what is preeminent in developing production, market, and political structure theories.

Economists and historians disagree as to what role the crash played in subsequent economic, social, and political events.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists disagree over how to set tolls, how to cover common costs, what to do with any excess revenues, whether and how “ losers ” from tolling previously free roads should be compensated, and whether to privatize highways.

Economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930s and the 1940s include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, John Kenneth Galbraith, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, Vera Smith, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, and Oskar Lange.

Economists do not agree on the natural rate, with estimates ranging from 1 % to 5 %, or on its meaning — some associate it with " non-accelerating inflation ".

Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

Economists say that a consumer is ' prudent ' if he or she saves more when faced with riskier future income.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of market failure and possible means of correction.

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists Thorstein Veblen, John Maynard Keynes, Herbert A. Simon, and many of the Austrian School criticise Homo economicus as an actor with too great of an understanding of macroeconomics and economic forecasting in his decision making.

Economists say shoplifting is common because it is a relatively unskilled crime with low entry barriers that can be fitted into a normal lifestyle.

As a result, the Singer-Prebisch Thesis enjoyed a high degree of popularity in the 1960s and 1970s with neo-marxist developmental Economists and provided a justification for import substitution industrializing ( ISI ) policies and even an expansion of the role of the commodity futures exchange as a tool for development.

Economists argue this can be achieved with marginal cost road pricing.

* Economists manage state finances with discernment and in the interest of all ;

The New Zealand Association of Economists describe Brash's success in establishing an independent central bank with an inflation target and in reducing inflation as a highlight of his career.

Economists point out several flaws with the assumption:

Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.

Economists include academics who undertake research and teaching in economics, and professionals with economic expertise employed by governments, financial institutions and other businesses.

" Averting America's Bankruptcy with a New New Deal ", published by The Economists ' Voice-February 2006, outlined some of the solutions promoted in the book.

The alliance split in 1994, with the free-market liberal wing becoming the Political Union of Economists and the social-democratic wing becoming the National Harmony Party.

Economists such as Milton Friedman and Dr. Ravi Batra have theorized ways that a modern economy could have low inflation and near full employment ( as in close to 100 % of those who are not students and are healthy enough to work, and who wish to work at any given point in time ), as of yet these have yet to be widely disseminated through the press or introduced by most governments.

Economists use these models to understand past events and to forecast future events, e. g., demand, prices and employment.

Economists of the Austrian School, notably Ludwig von Mises, have linked these fluctuations in business cycles to the creation of central banking and its monopolized control of fiat money and prime interest rates.

Economists therefore must make a reasoned choice of which variables and which relationships between these variables are relevant and which ways of analyzing and presenting this information are useful.

During these years Franco received many awards, including " Economista do Ano 1997 " ( Economist of the Year, 1997 ), presented by the Ordem dos Economistas ( National Economists Association ), and “ Central Banker of the year, 1998 ”, presented by Euromoney, September 1998.

Economists who advocated these policies do not necessarily share principles, such as Nobel prize-winning economists Milton Friedman ( Monetarism school ), George Stigler ( Chicago School of Economics / Neo-Classical Economics ), Richard Posner ( Chicago School / Pragmatism ), and Friedrich Hayek ( Austrian School of Economics ), have sought substantially to limit economic regulation.

Economists have extrapolated a useful approximation of uncovered interest rate parity that follows intuitively from these assumptions.

Economists generally believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because they believe it may lead to a deflationary spiral.

Economists work in many fields including academia, government and in the private sector, where they may also "... study data and statistics in order to spot trends in economic activity, economic confidence levels, and consumer attitudes.

Economists more frequently attribute this problem to the category of moral hazards, the prospect that a party insulated from risk may behave differently from the way they would if they were fully exposed to the risk.

Economists may therefore work with the form

Economists may advocate increasing inflation to help reduce the debt burden in highly-leveraged economies.

Economists Robert M. Dunn, Jr. and John H. Mutti note that financial markets may generate data inconsistent with interest rate parity, and that cases in which significant covered interest arbitrage profits appeared feasible were often due to assets not sharing the same perceptions of risk, the potential for double taxation due to differing policies, and investors ' concerns over the imposition of foreign exchange controls cumbersome to the enforcement of forward contracts.

Economists estimate that two-thirds of the value of large businesses in the U. S. can be traced to intangible assets.

Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.

Economists have considered poll taxes economically efficient because people are presumed to be in fixed supply.

Economists view firm specific human capital as risky, since firm closure or industry decline lead to skills that cannot be transferred ( the evidence on the quantitative importance of firm specific capital is unresolved ).

Economists see this as determining how the transaction's total economic surplus will be divided between consumers and producers.

Economists such as Milton Friedman from the Chicago school and others from the Public Choice school, argue that market failure does not necessarily imply that government should attempt to solve market failures, because the costs of government failure might be worse than those of the market failure it attempts to fix.

Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff.

But Economists seem to lack a general principle according to which this decision can be made systematically.

Economists often estimate the VSL by looking at the risks that people are voluntarily willing to take and how much they must be paid for taking them.

Economists assert that the largest transfer of wealth will be as the older generation leaves wealth to the baby boomers.

Economists Dani Rodrik and Jeffrey Sachs have separately noted that there appears to be little correlation between measured economic freedom and economic growth when the least free countries are disregarded, as indicated by the strong growth of the Chinese economy in recent years.

Economists who believe this to be the case refer to this as a monopoly wage.

Economists generally agree that trade barriers are detrimental and decrease overall economic efficiency, this can be explained by the theory of comparative advantage.

Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.

Economists now recognize the Nixon era as Exhibit A in how the adoption of bad economic policies in pursuit of short-term political gain eventually turns out to be bad politics as well.

Economists then debate about when a price can be said to be " objective ".