In 1950, Lundquist experimentally studied Alfvén waves in mercury and introduced the characterizing Lundquist number, which describes the plasma's conductivity.

* 1965 — Hannes Alfvén proposes the now-discounted concept of ambiplasma to explain baryon asymmetry and supports the idea of an infinite universe.

According to Alfvén, such an ambiplasma would be relatively long-lived as the component particles and antiparticles would be too hot and too low-density to annihilate each other rapidly.

According to Alfvén and Klein, ambiplasma would naturally form pockets of matter and pockets of antimatter that would expand outwards as annihilation between matter and antimatter occurred in the double layer at the boundaries.

The field of MHD was initiated by Hannes Alfvén, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1970.

; Hannes Alfvén ( professor, member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in Stockholm, Sweden ): for outstanding achievements in physics of plasma and astrophysics.

An important figure in this field was Hannes Alfvén, who devoted much of his professional career to investigating plasmas and was awarded the 1970 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ).

Alfvén hypothesized that Birkeland currents ( here meaning currents in space plasmas which are aligned with magnetic field lines ) were responsible for many filamentary structures and that a galactic magnetic field and associated current sheet, with an estimated galactic current of 10 < sup > 17 </ sup > to 10 < sup > 19 </ sup > amperes, might promote the contraction of interstellar clouds and may even constitute the main mechanism for contraction, initiating star formation.

The pockets, or bubbles, of matter or antimatter would expand because of annihilations at the boundaries, which Alfvén considered as a possible explanation for the observed apparent expansion of the universe, which would be merely a local phase of a much larger history.

The exploding double layer was also suggested by Alfvén as a possible mechanism for the generation of cosmic rays ,< ref > Hannes Alfvén, Cosmic plasma.

* Hugo Alfvén, Swedish Rhapsody No. 1 ( Midsommarvaka ), for orchestra

Notable adaptations for performance include a 1929 ballet choreographed by George Balanchine to music written by Sergei Prokofiev, a 1957 ballet by Hugo Alfvén, and an 1869 oratorio by Arthur Sullivan.

His mental instability proved too much for their marriage, and Marie during a tour to Taormina, Sicily in 1902 met Hugo Alfvén, the Swedish composer, the man who would become her future husband.

His 4-volume autobiography has been called " captivating " and provides significant insight into the musical life of Sweden in which Alfvén was a central figure for well over half a century.

In plasma physics, the Alfvén time is an important timescale for wave phenomena.

* 1970 Hannes Alfvén wins the 1970 Nobel Prize in physics for " fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics "

Starting in 1959, Alfvén and a team including Lindberg, Mitlid and Jacobsen built a device to create balls of plasma for study.

One commonly used similarity transformation was derived for gas discharges by James Dillon Cobine ( 1941 ), Alfred Hans von Engel and Max Steenbeck ( 1934 ), and further applied by Hannes Alfvén and Carl-Gunne Fälthammar to plasmas.

During the 1940s and 50s, Alfvén developed magnetohydrodynamics ( MHD ) which enables plasmas to be modelled as waves in a fluid, for which Alfvén won the 1970 Nobel Prize for physics.

In the region behind the shock (" magnetosheath ") the velocity drops briefly to the Alfvén velocity ( and the temperature rises, absorbing lost kinetic energy ), but the velocity soon rises back as plasma is dragged forward by the surrounding solar wind flow.

* Hannes Alfvén, Nobel Prize laureate and plasma physicist ( b. 1908-d. 1995 )

In 1965, Hannes Alfvén proposed a " plasma cosmology " theory of the universe based in part on scaling observations of space plasma physics and experiments on plasmas in terrestrial laboratories to cosmological scales orders-of-magnitude greater.

Some of the ideas of plasma cosmology are attributed to the 1970 Nobel laureate Hannes Alfvén.

Alfvén proposed the use of plasma scaling to extrapolate the results of laboratory experiments and space plasma physics observations to scales orders-of-magnitude greater ( see box ).

An Alfvén wave in a plasma is a low-frequency ( compared to the ion cyclotron frequency ) travelling oscillation of the ions and the magnetic field.

Hannes Alfvén pointed out that: " In a low density plasma, localized space charge regions may build up large potential

The LaPD is a pulsed-discharge device operated at a high ( 1 Hz ) repetition rate, producing a strongly magnetized background plasma which is physically large enough to support Alfvén waves.

One interesting aspect of the LaPD plasma source is its ability to act as an " Alfvén Maser ", a source of large-amplitude, coherent shear Alfvén waves.

His development of the concept of Alfvén waves explained the long-duration dynamics of plasma as electric currents traveling within them produced magnetic fields which, in a fashion similar to a dynamo, gave rise to new currents.

Space plasma pioneers Hannes Alfvén and Carl-Gunne Fälthammar divided the plasmas in the solar system into three different categories:

In 1937, plasma physicist Hannes Alfvén argued that if plasma pervaded the universe, then it could generate a galactic magnetic field.

Professor Emeritus of the Alfvén Laboratory in Sweden, Carl-Gunne Fälthammar wrote: " A reason why Birkeland currents are particularly interesting is that, in the plasma forced to carry them, they cause a number of plasma physical processes to occur ( waves, instabilities, fine structure formation ).

Alfvén recorded some of his orchestral music in stereo late in 1954 ( the first classical stereo recordings made in Sweden ); the recordings were issued on LP in the U. S. by Westminster Records.

Taking matter – antimatter symmetry as a starting point, Alfvén together with Oskar Klein proposed the Alfvén-Klein cosmology model, based on the fact that since most of the local universe was composed of matter and not antimatter there may be large bubbles of matter and antimatter that would globally balance to equality.

Alfvén waves are magnetohydrodynamic waves in the magnetosphere or the Earth's core.

It is thought that the active magnetic fields and strong solar wind of Alfvén waves of T Tauri stars are one means by which angular momentum gets transferred from the star to the protoplanetary disc.

Leading classical musicians have included Carl Michael Bellman, Wilhelm Stenhammar, Wilhelm Peterson-Berger, Hugo Alfvén, Franz Berwald, Lars-Erik Larsson, Allan Pettersson, Moses Pergament, Hilding Rosenberg and Johan Helmich Roman who are among Sweden's great classical composers.

* 1961: Normal Alfvén modes and resonances in liquid sodium are studied by Jameson

Other music collections are those from the manors of Leufsta and Gimo, the collection of Hugo Alfvén, that of the Joseph Martin Kraus, and the various collections that have been taken as spoils of war, such as the Cancionero de Uppsala, a 16th century collection of Spanish music printed in Venice 1556 and not preserved in any other copy.

Importantly, it also implies that the Alfvén wavelength is a few meters, and in fact shear Alfvén waves are routinely observed in LaPD.

* 1908 – Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1995 )

During the next several decades multiple scientists, including Sydney Chapman and Hannes Alfvén, proposed a variety of mechanisms and explanations.

It forms because the solar velocity of the wind exceeds ( typically 2 – 3 times ) that of Alfvén waves, a family of characteristic waves with which disturbances propagate in a magnetized fluid.

** Hannes Alfvén, Swedish physicist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 1995 )

All waves except Alfvén waves have been found to dissipate or refract before reaching the corona.

In addition, Alfvén waves do not easily dissipate in the corona.

In 1985, Gold won the prestigious Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society, an award whose recipients include Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, Martin Ryle, Edwin Hubble, James Van Allen, Fritz Zwicky, Hannes Alfvén and Albert Einstein.

* Hugo Alfvén – Symphony No. 1

It was first detected in a jet emitted by M87 in 1956 by Geoffrey R. Burbidge, who saw it as confirmation of a prediction by Iosif S. Shklovsky in 1953, but it had been predicted earlier by Hannes Alfvén and Nicolai Herlofson in 1950.

* May 1-Hugo Alfvén, composer ( d. 1960 )

Hannes Alfvén was successful in Plasma scaling | scaling laboratory results by a factor of 10 < sup > 9 </ sup > to extrapolate to magnetosphere | magnetospheric conditions.