Algal blooms are often green, but they can also be other colors such as yellow-brown or red, depending on the species of algae.

For example, RedToL aims at reconstructing the Red Algal Tree of Life.

Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments.

Algal bloom concentrations may reach millions of cells per milliliter.

Algal blooms can present problems for ecosystem s and human society.

Algal blooms limit the sunlight available to bottom-dwelling organisms and cause wide swings in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water.

RedToL, the Red Algal Tree of Life Initiative funded by the National Science Foundation highlights the role red algae or Rhodophyta played in the evolution of our planet through secondary endosymbiosis.

" John Burlew, the editor of the Carnegie Institution of Washington book Algal Culture-from Laboratory to Pilot Plant, stated, " the algae culture may fill a very real need ," which Science News Letter turned into " future populations of the world will be kept from starving by the production of improved or educated algae related to the green scum on ponds.

Algal blooms occur in part because of warm weather and the slow turnover of water in the southern end of the canal, causing the build-up of nutrients from fertilizers and leaky septic systems.

Algal parasites like Coccomyxa ophiurae cause spinal malformation.

The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles.

Algal ridges are one of the main reef structures that prevent oceanic waves from striking adjacent coastlines, helping to prevent coastal erosion.

Algal products contribute mildly " fishy " and " sea-air " odors, the latter from organobromine compounds.

Oddities and Curiosities in the Algal World.

Anderson et al., Physiological Ecology of Harmful Algal Blooms.

While cyanobacteria have been traditionally considered algae, recent works usually exclude them due to large differences such as the lack of membrane-bound organelles, the presence of a single circular chromosome, the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls, and ribosomes different in size and content from those of the Eukaryotes .< ref >

They are also abundant components of the peptidoglycan cell walls of bacteria, and-serine may act as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

Ampicillin acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase, which is needed by bacteria to make their cell walls.

This includes parts ( coats, capsules, cell walls, flagella, fimbrae, and toxins ) of bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

Agar or agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived by boiling from a polysaccharide in red algae, where it accumulates in the cell walls of agarophyte and serves as the primary structural support for the algae's cell walls.

The gelling agent is an unbranched polysaccharide obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from the genera Gelidium and Gracilaria, or seaweed ( Sphaerococcus euchema ).

Small amounts of boron compounds play a strengthening role in the cell walls of all plants, making boron necessary in soils.

* Cellulose is made by plants and is an important structural component of their cell walls.

Lignin is insoluble, too large to pass through cell walls, too heterogeneous for specific enzymes, and toxic, so that few organisms other than Basidiomycetes fungi can degrade it.

Animals and protozoa do not have cell walls.

Archaean cell walls have various compositions, and may be formed of glycoprotein S-layers, pseudopeptidoglycan, or polysaccharides.

Fungi possess cell walls made of the glucosamine polymer chitin, and algae typically possess walls made of glycoproteins and polysaccharides.

The rigidity of the cell walls is often overestimated.

The apparent rigidity of primary plant tissues is enabled by cell walls, but not due to the walls ' stiffness.

The flexibility of the cell walls is seen when plants wilt, so that the stems and leaves begin to droop, or in seaweeds that bend in water currents.

Additional layers may be formed containing lignin in xylem cell walls, or containing suberin in cork cell walls.

The pH is an important factor governing the transport of molecules through cell walls.

If cell Af is an information cell, it and any information cells in the Y-region that have been linked to Af each contain an address in the W-region where a potentially matching form is stored.

The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.

Most conjugative plasmids have systems ensuring that the recipient cell does not already contain a similar element.

Secondary cell walls contain a wide range of additional compounds that modify their mechanical properties and permeability.

Most are glycosylated, contain hydroxyproline ( Hyp ) and become cross-linked in the cell wall.

Cell walls of the epidermis and endodermis may also contain suberin or cutin, two polyester-like polymers that protect the cell from herbivores.

Oomycete cell walls also contain the amino acid hydroxyproline, which is not found in fungal cell walls.

The cell wall of bacteria is also distinct from that of Archaea, which do not contain peptidoglycan.

These ideas include the proposal that cells contain zones of low and high-density water, which could have widespread effects on the structures and functions of the other parts of the cell.

Microbial cell walls also contain a recalcitrant materials like chitin, and these also accumulate as the microbes die, further reducing the quality of older soil organic matter.

* Dorsal root ganglia ( also known as the spinal ganglia ) contain the cell bodies of sensory ( afferent ) nerves.

* Autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of autonomic nerves.

Further research was necessary to conclude that it was solely bacteriophages ' DNA that entered the cell and not a combination of protein and DNA where the protein did not contain any sulfur.

Proteins that are needed in a particular region of the cell can also be translated there ; in such a case, the 3 ' UTR may contain sequences that allow the transcript to be localized to this region for translation.

The genome is composed of a number of chromosomes — complexes of tightly-coiled DNA that contain genetic information vital for proper cell function.

Unlike bacteria and archaea, eukaryotes contain organelles such as the cell nucleus, the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria in their cells.

Like bacteria, plant cells have cell walls, and contain organelles such as chloroplasts in addition to the organelles in other eukaryotes.

Some cell types, such as plant cells, do not contain MTOCs.

Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, with diminishing amounts with distance from the cell body.

The cell membrane of the axon and soma contain voltage-gated ion channels that allow the neuron to generate and propagate an electrical signal ( an action potential ).

Nucleoli of various plant species have been shown to contain very high concentrations of iron in contrast to human and animal cell nucleoli.