in relation to Laos, Algeria, South Africa ; ;

In philosophy and the humanities, Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, was born in El Biar in Algiers ; Malek Bennabi and Frantz Fanon are noted for their thoughts on decolonization ; Augustine of Hippo was born in Tagaste ( modern-day Souk Ahras ); and Ibn Khaldun, though born in Tunis, wrote the Muqaddima while staying in Algeria.

There are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Algeria including Al Qal ' a of Beni Hammad, the first capital of the Hammadid empire ; Tipasa, a Phoenician and later Roman town ; and Djémila and Timgad, both Roman ruins ; M ' Zab Valley, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized oasis ; also the Casbah of Algiers is an important citadel.

* 1997 – Oued El-Had and Mezouara massacre in Algeria ; a total of 116 villagers killed, 40 in Oued El-Had and 76 in Mezouara.

* 1999 – Beni Ounif massacre in Algeria ; some 29 people are killed at a false roadblock near the Moroccan border, leading to temporary tensions with Morocco.

* 1997 – The Thalit massacre begins in Algeria ; all but 1 of the 53 inhabitants of Thalit are killed by guerrillas.

In his search for new forms of tonality, Bartók turned to Hungarian folk music, as well as to other folk music of the Carpathian Basin and even of Algeria and Turkey ; in so doing he became influential in that stream of modernism which exploited indigenous music and techniques ( Botstein, § 6 ).

It is also known as: taam ( طعام ) in Algeria and Morocco ; Kuseksi-in Tunisia, Libya and Kuskusi ( كسكسي ) in Egypt.

French citizens also migrated in large numbers, mainly to the colonies in the north African Maghreb region: 1. 3 million settled in Algeria ; 200, 000 in Morocco ; 100, 000 in Tunisia ; while only 20, 000 migrated to French Indochina.

At first the movement grew most in the Russian empire and eastern Europe, but soon spread to western Europe and beyond: to Argentina in 1889 ; to Canada in 1901 ; to Algeria, Chile, Japan, Mexico, and Peru in 1903 ; to Tunisia in 1904 ; and to Australia, the United States, Guinea, Indochina, New Zealand, Tonkin, and Uruguay in 1905.

By 1962 the morale of the Foreign Legion was at an all-time low ; it had lost its traditional and spiritual home ( Algeria ), elite units had been disbanded, and in addition, many officers and men were arrested or deserted to escape prosecution.

* Sessions, Jennifer E. By Sword and Plow: France and the Conquest of Algeria ( Cornell University Press ; 2011 ) 352 pages

* 1997 – The Dairat Labguer massacre in Algeria ; 50 people are killed.

* In Algeria, a municipality ( baladiyah ) is part of a daïra, which is part of a wilaya ; there are 1, 541 municipalities in Algeria.

193-Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, People's Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

In contrast, Fezzan's borders with Algeria, Niger, and Chad are seldom crossed because of the almost total emptiness of the desert countryside.

Algeria 982 km, Chad 1 055 km, Egypt 1 150 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

This is followed by Chad to the east ( 1 175 km ), Algeria to the northnorthwest ( 956 km ), and Mali at 821 km.

The UNCCD has 194 country Parties: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, the Republic of Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Thailand, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Timor-Leste, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe

** South Saharan steppe and woodlands ( Algeria, Chad, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Sudan )

The Sahel covers parts of the territory of ( from west to east ) Northern part of Senegal, southern part of Mauritania, middle part of Mali, southern part of Algeria and Niger, middle part of Chad, southern part of Sudan, northern part of South Sudan and Eritrea.

Parties: Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Côte d ' Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti *, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, European Union, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Kiribati *, Kuwait, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic *, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Montenegro, Morocco, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Lucia, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United Republic of Tanzania, Uruguay, Venezuela ( Bolivarian Republic of ), Yemen, Zambia and Zimbabwe.

Algeria, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Côte d ' Ivoire, Mali, Morocco, Niger, Senegal and Togo.

Birds from the eastern European populations migrate to Tunisia and Algeria, then on to Mali or Chad.

Examples include Abd al-Qadir in Algeria, the Mahdi in Sudan, Shamil in the Caucasus, the Senussi in Libya and in Chad, Mullah-i Lang in Afghanistan, the Akhund of Swat in India, and later, Abd al-Karim in Morocco.

It covers 4, 639, 900 square km ( 1, 791, 500 square miles ) of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, and Sudan.

Algeria was trying to diversify its foreign policy, feeling isolated by Spain and French President François Mitterrand's accord with Morocco and Libya over Chad.

The other species, Saharan myrtle M. nivellei, is restricted to the Tassili n ' Ajjer mountains in southern Algeria and the Tibesti Mountains in Chad, where it occurs in small areas of sparse relict woodland near the centre of the Sahara Desert ; it is listed as an endangered species.

During this period, 23 African nations experienced war: Algeria, Angola, Burundi, Central Africa Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo ( DRC ), Republic of Congo, Côte d ' Ivoire, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda.

These pastoralist populations often cross the borders of Algeria, Chad and Niger freely.

Contracting members include: Albania ; Algeria ; Andorra ; Angola ; Antigua and Barbuda ; Argentina ; Armenia ; Australia ; Austria ; Azerbaijan ; Bahamas ; Bahrain ; Bangladesh ; Barbados ; Belarus ; Belgium ; Belize ; Benin ; Bhutan ; Bolivia ; Bosnia and Herzegovina ; Botswana ; Brazil ; Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria ; Burkina Faso ; Burundi ; Cambodia ; Cameroon ; Canada ; Central African Republic ; Chad ; Chile ; China ; Colombia ; Comoros ; Congo ; Costa Rica ; Croatia ; Cuba ; Cyprus ; Czech Republic ; Côte d ' Ivoire ; Democratic People's Republic of Korea ; Democratic Republic of the Congo ; Denmark ; Djibouti ; Dominica ; Dominican Republic ; Ecuador ; Egypt ; El Salvador ; Equatorial Guinea ; Estonia ; Finland ; France ; Gabon ; Gambia ; Georgia ; Germany ; Ghana ; Greece ; Grenada ; Guatemala ; Guinea ; Guinea-Bissau ; Guyana ; Haiti ; Holy See ; Honduras ; Hungary ; Iceland ; India ; Indonesia ; Iran ( Islamic Republic of ); Iraq ; Ireland ; Israel ; Italy ; Jamaica ; Japan ; Jordan ; Kazakhstan ; Kenya ; Kyrgyzstan ; Laos ; Latvia ; Lebanon ; Lesotho ; Liberia ; Libya ; Liechtenstein ; Lithuania ; Luxembourg ; Macedonia ; Madagascar ; Malawi ; Malaysia ; Mali ; Malta ; Mauritania ; Mauritius ; Mexico ; Moldova ; Monaco ; Mongolia ; Morocco ; Mozambique ; Namibia ; Nepal ; Netherlands ; New Zealand ; Nicaragua ; Niger ; Nigeria ; Norway ; Oman ; Pakistan ; Panama ; Papua New Guinea ; Paraguay ; Peru ; Philippines ; Poland ; Portugal ; Qatar ; Republic of Korea ; Romania ; Russian Federation ; Rwanda ; Saint Kitts and Nevis ; Saint Lucia ; Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ; San Marino ; Sao Tome and Principe ; Saudi Arabia ; Senegal ; Serbia ; Seychelles ; Sierra Leone ; Singapore ; Slovakia ; Slovenia ; South Africa ; Spain ; Sri Lanka ; Sudan ; Suriname ; Swaziland ; Sweden ; Switzerland ; Syrian Arab Republic ; Tajikistan ; Thailand ; Togo ; Tonga ; Trinidad and Tobago ; Tunisia ; Turkey ; Turkmenistan ; Uganda ; Ukraine ; United Arab Emirates ; United Kingdom ; United Republic of Tanzania ; United States of America ; Uruguay ; Uzbekistan ; Venezuela ; Vietnam ; Yemen ; Zambia ; and Zimbabwe.

Arid north Africa ( Morocco, Mauritania and Mali, eastward through Algeria, Tunisia, Niger, Libya and Chad to Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia ) through Sinai to the northern Negev of Israel.

By 1972, the addax was found mainly in Rio de Oro of Mauritania, north Mali and Chad, with some in Algeria, South Libya, and North Sudan.

It is now found in scarce populations in Mauritania, Mali, Chad, and Niger, and almost extinct in Sudan, Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and western Sahara.

Although enormous reserves, such as the Ahaggar National Park and Tasilli in Algeria, the Ténéré in Niger, the Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim in Chad, and the newly established Wadi Howar National Park in Sudan cover areas where addax previously occurred, some do not keep addax any more due to less resources.

According to IUCN, it is regionally extinct in Algeria, Burkina Faso, Chad, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tunisia and western Sahara Desert.

The countries affected by the 2004 outbreak were Algeria, Burkina Faso, the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, the Gambia, Greece, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sudan, Syria and Tunisia.

Countries where it lives include Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Egypt, Ethiopia, Libya, Mali, Niger, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia, Iraq ,, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Qatar, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.

* 1960 – French forces crack down in a violent clash with protesters in French Algeria during a visit by French president Charles de Gaulle.

** Pierre Lagaillarde, who led the insurrections in 1958 and 1960 in Algeria, fails to appear in court in Paris, France.

* Streets were also named after him in Khanty-Mansiysk, Russia, in Budapest, Hungary ( between 1961 and 1990 ); Jakarta ( between 1945 to 1967 ); Belgrade, Serbia ; Sofia, Bulgaria ( until 1991-2 ) Skopje, Republic of Macedonia ; Bata and Malabo, Equatorial Guinea ; Tehran, Iran ; Algiers, Algeria ( Rue Patrice Lumumba ); Santiago de Cuba, Cuba ( since 1960, formerly Avenida de Bélgica ); Łódź, Warsaw, Poland ; Kiev, Ukraine ; Perm, Russia ; Rabat, Morocco ; Maputo, Mozambique ; Leipzig, Germany ; Lusaka, Zambia (" Lumumba Street "); Kampala, Uganda (" Lumumba Avenue "); Tunis, Tunisia ; Fort-de-France, Martinique ; Montpellier, France ; Accra, Ghana ; Antananarivo, Madagascar ; Rotterdam, Netherlands ; Alexandria, Egypt and Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.

There was resistance against Algerian independence in January 1960 by the settlers and Pieds-Noirs or Jewish Algerians who again took up arms in April 1961, during the Generals ' Uprising, with some of the Algerian Jews siding with the OAS after synagogues were attacked by the National Liberation Front ( Front de libération nationale, FLN ) in Algeria.

At the beginning of the 1960s France remained deeply divided by the Algerian War, and in 1960 the Manifesto of the 121, which protested against French military policy in Algeria, was signed by a group of leading intellectuals and artists who included Alain Resnais.

Between 1960 and 1975, the organization expanded to include Qatar ( 1961 ), Indonesia ( 1962 ), Libya ( 1962 ), the United Arab Emirates ( 1967 ), Algeria ( 1969 ), and Nigeria ( 1971 ).

Lanzmann opposed the French war in Algeria and signed the 1960 antiwar petition Manifesto of the 121.

In 1960, a further revision of the French constitution, compelled by the failure of the French Indochina War and the tensions in Algeria, allowed members of the French Community to unilaterally change their own constitutions.

As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1, 050, 000 European civilians in Algeria ( 10 % of the total population including 130, 000 Algerian Jews ).

Soustelle, leader of the pro-French Algeria faction in the party, left the cabinet in 1960, then was ejected from the UNR.

From 1960 to 1963, Ahmad lived in North Africa, working primarily in Algeria, where he joined the National Liberation Front and worked with Frantz Fanon.

The first, called " Gerboise bleue " (" blue jerboa ") took place on 13 February 1960 in Algeria.

Soustelle was dismissed from the cabinet and the Gaullist party Union pour la nouvelle République ( UNR ) in 1960 and joined the terrorist Organisation de l ' armée secrète ( OAS ) in the fight against the independence of Algeria.

As a member of Jean-Paul Sartre's editorial committee for Les Temps modernes, Leiris was involved in a series of political struggles, including the Algerian War, and was one of the first to sign the Déclaration sur le droit à l ’ insoumission dans la guerre d ’ Algérie, the 1960 manifesto supporting the fight against the colonial forces in Algeria.